tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462245412083992812024-03-21T01:43:23.307-07:00AfghanCorner.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.comBlogger107125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-50264840066980714982012-10-10T02:41:00.000-07:002012-10-10T03:13:36.173-07:00Malala Yosufzai: Symbol of Peace <b>A 2009 documentary by New York Times' Adam B. Ellick profiled Malala Yousafzai:</b><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRGLjggwM9F97pakYbosvuK4xH9ZIdkeSpiq3-BWNOmyR_hwEKLhZc2c13c4HVKJJEWTgovrvo0xFJh6BmIEi5D_TX0offYG2l0BdmlN5p21LME413gcN-YZlDan_NwxsqQTzdQcFnbwY/s1600/420786_10151469092652796_19654414_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRGLjggwM9F97pakYbosvuK4xH9ZIdkeSpiq3-BWNOmyR_hwEKLhZc2c13c4HVKJJEWTgovrvo0xFJh6BmIEi5D_TX0offYG2l0BdmlN5p21LME413gcN-YZlDan_NwxsqQTzdQcFnbwY/s320/420786_10151469092652796_19654414_n.jpg" style="cursor: move;" title=" " width="320" /></a><br />
<span class="firstLetter"><b>UPDATE:</b> According to <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-19893309">BBC, </a></span><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-19893309">doctors say</a> they have removed a bullet from Malala Yousufzai, 14-year-old girl who was shot in the head by Taliban gunmen in the Swat Valley. <span class="firstLetter">She is now in stable conditions. </span>Gunmen attacked Yousafzai in day light on October 9, and also injured
two other girls as
they left school for home. Tehrek-e-Taliban Pakistan accepted
responsibility of attacking her and a spokesperson told media that she
was responsible for anti-Taliban propaganda.<br />
<br />
<span class="firstLetter">M</span>alala reached to fame when she started writing a diary for BBC Urdu service about Taliban crackdown on girls' education. <br />
<br />
Also read Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty's <a href="http://www.rferl.org/content/shot-pakistan-teen-stood-up-to-the-taliban/24734006.html">Malala Youfzai Profile here</a><br />
<br />
<iframe frameborder="0" height="373" id="nyt_video_player" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/bcvideo/1.0/iframe/embed.html?videoId=100000001835296&playerType=embed" title="New York Times Video - Embed Player" width="480"></iframe>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-60350588143630626732012-08-09T00:42:00.000-07:002012-08-09T00:42:07.070-07:00A Sense of humor about Afghanistan? Mojadidi shows how<b>Source: Ted.com</b><br />
<div class="notranslate" id="tagline">
Afghan-American artist Aman Mojadidi
calls himself “Afghan by blood, redneck by the grace of god.” Playing
off his two identities, the TED Fellow's bold, funny, thought-provoking
artwork explores jihad, gangsterism, consumers and corruption in modern
Afghanistan. </div>
Aman Mojadidi makes bold art from his two identities -- as an American and an Afghan.<br />
<br />
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<b> </b><br />
<br />
<b>Aman Mojadidi Biography</b><br />
Aman Mojadidi, a self-described “Afghan by blood and redneck by the
grace of God,” arrived in Afghanistan “as a 19-year-old vegetarian
surfer from Jacksonville, Florida.” Growing up in the American south, he
has now lived in Kabul for the last nine years, making artwork that
explores what he calls “the geography of self” – including photos
featuring himself as characters exploding cultural taboos (“a day in the
life of a jihadi gangster”), and films of himself stopping cars at
checkpoints and, instead of accepting a bribe, offering money. His work
explores the nature of identity while challenging stereotypes, exposing
hypocrisy, reinterpreting reality – even though his work may be
dangerous or misunderstood. “I do it because the geography of self
mandates it. That’s my burden. What’s yours?”<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-72574949893125927312012-06-02T13:30:00.000-07:002012-06-02T13:30:26.853-07:00Documentary : Love Crimes of Kabul<i>Love Crimes of Kabul</i> is an HBO documentary film following some cases of inmates at Badam Bagh women's prison in Kabul where most of the women are jailed for moral crimes.<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="400" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/-UZiRQqZUwE" width="720"></iframe><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-86874610659037148532012-05-22T23:00:00.000-07:002012-05-22T23:03:10.244-07:00Movie on Karzai!? Karzai: I'd be honored if Kingsley play me onscreenAfghan President Hamid Karzai says he will be honored if actor Ben Kingsley to play him onscreen.
<br />
“Do you ever think about a movie starring Ben Kingsley as Hamid Karzai?” In a rapid fire round of questions, CNN’s Wolf Blitzer asked Karzai in an interview on Monday. <br />
“Ben Kingsley, the person who played Gandhi [18982]? He is a great actor, and I <span id="0">would be very happy</span> and honored <span id="2">if he took that role</span>," Karzai replied.<br />
<br />
Here is the clip:<br />
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<br />
<b>Full Interview</b><br />
<br />
Part 1:<br />
<br />
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<embed src="http://i.cdn.turner.com/cnn/.element/apps/cvp/3.0/swf/cnn_416x234_embed.swf?context=embed&videoId=bestoftv/2012/05/21/exp-karzai-blitzer-intv-part-3.cnn" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" bgcolor="#000000" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="416" wmode="transparent" height="374"></embed></object><br />
<br />
Part 2:<br />
<br />
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<embed src="http://i.cdn.turner.com/cnn/.element/apps/cvp/3.0/swf/cnn_416x234_embed.swf?context=embed&videoId=bestoftv/2012/05/21/exp-karzai-blitzer-intv-part-3.cnn" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" bgcolor="#000000" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="416" wmode="transparent" height="374"></embed></object><br />
<br />
Part 3:<br />
<br />
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<param name="bgcolor" value="#000000" />
<embed src="http://i.cdn.turner.com/cnn/.element/apps/cvp/3.0/swf/cnn_416x234_embed.swf?context=embed&videoId=bestoftv/2012/05/21/exp-karzai-blitzer-intv-part-3.cnn" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" bgcolor="#000000" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="416" wmode="transparent" height="374"></embed></object><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-44295582863965532082012-05-02T01:12:00.000-07:002012-05-02T01:12:54.562-07:00Afghan-US Strategic Pact (Full Text)May 2, 2012.<br />
<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/92057506/Afghan-US-Strategic-Pact-Full-Text" style="-x-system-font: none; display: block; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 12px auto 6px auto; text-decoration: underline;" title="View Afghan-US Strategic Pact (Full Text) on Scribd">Afghan-US Strategic Pact (Full Text)</a><iframe class="scribd_iframe_embed" data-aspect-ratio="0.772727272727273" data-auto-height="true" frameborder="0" height="600" id="doc_24053" scrolling="no" src="http://www.scribd.com/embeds/92057506/content?start_page=1&view_mode=list&access_key=key-qhzyb4l5jowjfq9fuuv" width="100%"></iframe><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-25380701712574951802012-05-01T17:06:00.003-07:002012-05-01T17:38:04.395-07:00Video & Transcript: Obama's Speech On Strategic Pact with AfghanistanSource:White House<br />
<b>Video: </b><br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/5l4TsjAKp18?rel=0" width="853"></iframe>
<b>Transcript:</b><br />
Good evening from <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagram_Airfield" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Bagram Airfield">Bagram Air Base</a>. This outpost is more than seven
thousand miles from home, but for over a decade it has been close to our
hearts. Because here, in Afghanistan, more than half a million of our
sons and daughters have sacrificed to protect our country.<br />
Today,
I signed an historic agreement between the United States and
Afghanistan that defines a new kind of relationship between our
countries – a future in which Afghans are responsible for the security
of their nation, and we build an equal partnership between two sovereign
states; a future in which the war ends, and a new chapter begins.<br />
Tonight,
I'd like to speak to you about this transition. But first, let us
remember why we came here. It was here, in Afghanistan, where <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin
Laden</a> established a safe-haven for his terrorist organization. It was
here, in Afghanistan, where al Qaeda brought new recruits, trained them,
and plotted acts of terror. It was here, from within these borders,
that al Qaeda launched the attacks that killed nearly 3,000 innocent
men, women and children.<br />
And so, ten years
ago, the United States and our allies went to war to make sure that al
Qaeda could never again use this country to launch attacks against us.
Despite initial success, for a number of reasons, this war has taken
longer than most anticipated. In 2002, bin Laden and his lieutenants
escaped across the border and established safe-havens in Pakistan.
America spent nearly eight years fighting a different war in Iraq. And
<a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Al-Qaeda">al Qaeda's</a> extremist allies within the Taliban have waged a brutal
insurgency.<br />
But over the last three years,
the tide has turned. We broke the Taliban's momentum. We've built strong
<a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Afghan National Security Forces">Afghan Security Forces</a>. We devastated al Qaeda's leadership, taking out
over 20 of their top 30 leaders. And one year ago, from a base here in
Afghanistan, our troops launched the operation that killed Osama bin
Laden. The goal that I set – to defeat al Qaeda, and deny it a chance to
rebuild – is within reach.<br />
Still, there will
be difficult days ahead. The enormous sacrifices of our men and women
are not over. But tonight, I'd like to tell you how we will complete our
mission and end <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_%282001%E2%80%93present%29" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">the war in Afghanistan</a>.<br />
First,
we have begun a transition to Afghan responsibility for security.
Already, nearly half the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography_of_Afghanistan" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Demography of Afghanistan">Afghan people</a> live in places where Afghan
Security Forces are moving into the lead. This month, at a NATO Summit
in Chicago, our coalition will set a goal for <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Army" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Afghan National Army">Afghan forces</a> to be in the
lead for combat operations across the country next year. International
troops will continue to train, advise and assist the Afghans, and fight
alongside them when needed. But we will shift into a support role as
Afghans step forward.<br />
As we do, our troops
will be coming home. Last year, we removed 10,000 U.S. troops from
Afghanistan. Another 23,000 will leave by the end of the summer. After
that, reductions will continue at a steady pace, with more of our troops
coming home. And as our coalition agreed, by the end of 2014 the
Afghans will be fully responsible for the security of their country.<br />
Second,
we are training Afghan Security Forces to get the job done. Those
forces have surged, and will peak at 352,000 this year. The Afghans will
sustain that level for three years, and then reduce the size of their
military. And in Chicago, we will endorse a proposal to support a strong
and sustainable long-term Afghan force.<br />
Third,
we are building an enduring partnership. The agreement we signed today
sends a clear message to the Afghan people: as you stand up, you will
not stand alone. It establishes the basis of our cooperation over the
next decade, including shared commitments to combat terrorism and
strengthen democratic institutions. It supports Afghan efforts to
advance development and dignity for their people. And it includes Afghan
commitments to transparency and accountability, and to protect the
human rights of all Afghans – men and women, boys and girls.<br />
Within
this framework, we will work with the Afghans to determine what support
they need to accomplish two narrow security missions beyond 2014:
counter-terrorism and continued training. But we will not build
permanent bases in this country, nor will we be patrolling its cities
and mountains. That will be the job of the Afghan people.<br />
Fourth,
we are pursuing a negotiated peace. In coordination with the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Afghan
government</a>, my Administration has been in direct discussions with the
Taliban. We have made it clear that they can be a part of this future if
they break with al Qaeda, renounce violence, and abide by Afghan laws.
Many members of the Taliban – from foot soldiers to leaders – have
indicated an interest in reconciliation. A path to peace is now set
before them. Those who refuse to walk it will face strong Afghan
Security Forces, backed by the United States and our allies.<br />
Fifth,
we are building a global consensus to support peace and stability in
South Asia. In Chicago, the international community will express support
for this plan, and for Afghanistan's future. I have made it clear to
Afghanistan's neighbor – Pakistan – that it can and should be an equal
partner in this process in a way that respects Pakistan's sovereignty,
interests, and democratic institutions. In pursuit of a durable peace,
America has no designs beyond an end to al Qaeda safe-havens, and
respect for Afghan sovereignty.<br />
As we move
forward, some people will ask why we need a firm timeline. The answer is
clear: our goal is not to build a country in America's image, or to
eradicate every vestige of the Taliban. These objectives would require
many more years, many more dollars, and many more American lives. Our
goal is to destroy al Qaeda, and we are on a path to do exactly that.
Afghans want to fully assert their sovereignty and build a lasting
peace. That requires a clear timeline to wind down the war.<br />
Others
will ask why we don't leave immediately. That answer is also clear: we
must give Afghanistan the opportunity to stabilize. Otherwise, our gains
could be lost, and al Qaeda could establish itself once more. And as
Commander-in-Chief, I refuse to let that happen.<br />
I
recognize that many Americans are tired of war. As President, nothing
is more wrenching than signing a letter to a family of the fallen, or
looking in the eyes of a child who will grow up without a mother or
father. I will not keep Americans in harm's way a single day longer than
is absolutely required for our national security. But we must finish
the job we started in Afghanistan, and end this war responsibly.<br />
My
fellow Americans, we have traveled through more than a decade under the
dark cloud of war. Yet here, in the pre-dawn darkness of Afghanistan,
we can see the light of a new day on the horizon. The Iraq War is over.
The number of our troops in harm's way has been cut in half, and more
will be coming home soon. We have a clear path to fulfill our mission in
Afghanistan, while delivering justice to al Qaeda.<br />
This
future is only within reach because of our men and women in uniform.
Time and again, they have answered the call to serve in distant and
dangerous places. In an age when so many institutions have come up
short, these Americans stood tall. They met their responsibilities to
one another, and the flag they serve under. I just met with some of
them, and told them that as Commander-in-Chief, I could not be prouder.
In their faces, we see what is best in ourselves and our country.<br />
Our
soldiers, sailors, airmen, Marines, coast guardsmen and civilians in
Afghanistan have done their duty. Now, we must summon that same sense of
common purpose. We must give our veterans and military families the
support they deserve, and the opportunities they have earned. And we
must redouble our efforts to build a nation worthy of their sacrifice.<br />
As
we emerge from a decade of conflict abroad and economic crisis at home,
it is time to renew America. An America where our children live free
from fear, and have the skills to claim their dreams. A united America
of grit and resilience, where sunlight glistens off soaring new towers
in downtown Manhattan, and we build our future as one people, as one
nation.<br />
Here, in Afghanistan, Americans
answered the call to defend their fellow citizens and uphold human
dignity. Today, we recall the fallen, and those who suffer wounds seen
and unseen. But through dark days we have drawn strength from their
example, and the ideals that have guided our nation and lit the world: a
belief that all people are created equal, and deserve the freedom to
determine their destiny.<br />
That is the light
that guides us still. This time of war began in Afghanistan, and this is
where it will end. With faith in each other and our eyes fixed on the
future, let us finish the work at hand, and forge a just and lasting
peace. May God bless our troops. And may God bless the United States of
America.<br />
<span class="”readmore”"></span><br />
<div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;">
<a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://www.zemanta.com/" title="Enhanced by Zemanta"><img alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=835a7026-5fbd-4faf-aebf-deb14e95f8b8" style="border: medium none; float: right;" /></a></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-90374847149598313062012-04-28T01:03:00.001-07:002012-04-28T01:07:54.464-07:00AfghanCorner: King Amanullah Khan & the golden period of Afghanistan<span class="”readmore”">A short history of a golden period of Afghanistan. Here is more info about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C4%81null%C4%81h_Kh%C4%81n">King Amnahullah Khan</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi">Queen Suraya Aman Tarzi</a>. </span><br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/oExbtWmMQ0c" width="640"></iframe><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-64982263842098189722012-04-16T23:33:00.000-07:002012-04-16T23:33:40.024-07:00Afghan Lawmaker Fighting InsurgentsApril 15, 2012: Haji Naeem Lalay, member of Afghan parliament, fires on insurgent from roof of parliament building in Kabul. Insurgents entered a nearby building to aim at the building of Afghan parliament. No MPs harmed.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/0xzXQU4dmSE" width="640"></iframe><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-54736156304262897202012-04-16T07:11:00.000-07:002012-04-16T07:11:26.363-07:00April 15 2012 Afghanistan Attacks (Photos)<span class="”readmore”"></span>
<object><embed allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" flashvars="configFilePath=%2fGetFlashXml.aspx%3fparam%3d24548905%7cuser%7cphotogalleryEmbeded%26skin=embeded" height="495" src="http://www.rferl.org/flash__ver2_6.4.0.22993.2/photogalleryComponent.swfx?cache=" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="640" wmode="transparent"></embed></object><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-73471702312907234062012-03-18T00:40:00.000-07:002012-03-18T00:42:56.893-07:00Children for sale in Afghanistan (documentary)From Journeyman Pictures: "Children for sale, the Talibans parallel government and a booming kidnap
business: this exclusive report uncovers the state of anarchy and
lawlessness prevailing across the country today.<br />
<br />
In a refugee camp in
the North of Afghanistan, a father sells his son to survive. Say your
goodbyes now, its time to go, says a wealthy woman from Kabul, handing
over $1,500. I sold a piece of my heart to stop my four other children
dying, sobs the father. People are going to Iran and Pakistan, or
joining the Taliban, because theyre poor and dont have a future, says
one impoverished farmer. And where theres poverty, the Taliban are never
far away. Im serving my people" Mulla Meshe, a Taliban commander says;
"in the name of God.<br />
<br />
The government is not helping, A mile-long queue of
people wait outside his office near the refugee camp and a few feet
away another Taliban official takes payment for electricity stolen from
the government. In Kabul, lawlessness takes a different form. He said
when we cut off your finger and send it to your family, well find your
money" remembers Homuna Sefe, showing us the well he was held hostage in
for 3 weeks. We are not dealing with poor people, says Matim Khan,
parading an Afghan teenager hes holding hostage. Well take his eyes out,
or sell him to the Taliban. Criminal gangs are united with the Taliban
and ordinary Afghans have lost all faith in a government, which sees
them struggling to survive."<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="411" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/u-yi_lBQNEs" width="750"></iframe><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-78277279045283832282012-02-21T09:49:00.000-08:002012-02-21T09:49:29.139-08:00Hamid Karzai: Mullah Omar is in Pakistan (video interview)Australia's Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) interviews Afghan President Hamid Karzai on war o terror, peace talks with the Taliban, his relations with the West and Pakistan's eagerness to help bring peace to Afghanistan. <br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/QkmYVkM_ndU?rel=0" width="853"></iframe><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-78181455400906115462012-02-03T03:54:00.000-08:002012-02-03T03:54:58.389-08:00Kabul-My Love<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">by Pamir Scahill</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">We were near to land at Kabul International
Airport. My mother told
me to look downward from the window of Arianna International Airlines’ new and
huge plane. Down what I saw is still recurring in my dreams. The entire city
was looking like a huge landscape of illuminating gems, diamonds and
crystalline glass of all rainbow colours. <a name='more'></a>I was laughing and was excited,
wanted to jump from the plane and fill my pockets with all these beautiful gems.
I asked my mom, ‘I want all these crystals’; she smiled and said ‘No
worries.’ </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge1jdCJ7VXGzovr-bIZl4IOkc989cl-sACz3SAUbHXN7d6AFXiWI0CzZPSgYHguXDGIQixfvnUnAQlElmmLr8uAB2jyKvuLCmoW59_h09sPCQkiWNpi0wh5gFhphB-PT593PPS8Sons12X/s1600/Afghanistan+Capital+Kabul++New+Photos+%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge1jdCJ7VXGzovr-bIZl4IOkc989cl-sACz3SAUbHXN7d6AFXiWI0CzZPSgYHguXDGIQixfvnUnAQlElmmLr8uAB2jyKvuLCmoW59_h09sPCQkiWNpi0wh5gFhphB-PT593PPS8Sons12X/s640/Afghanistan+Capital+Kabul++New+Photos+%25283%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br />
In the meanwhile, we heard a message from the captain that we are about to land
and we have to fasten our belts. My mother put me in another seat and fastened
me. I murmured to see more from the tiny window and when my mother didn’t pay
attention I started screaming, and crying. That was the first time I cried for Kabul- my romance!!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br />
Mother didn’t move with my demanding tactics, and finally we arrived in the
airport. When we were going out from the airport, I remember my father took me
in his hands and after a few minutes I fall asleep; tears dried up on my
cheeks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br />
In the morning I found myself in a small bed. My mother came and took me to
washroom. After a few minutes again I was caught by the spell of gems and
diamonds and I started demanding those things which I had seen through plane’s
hard glass window. My mother tells me often that I was then a <i>‘bad boy’</i>
and that I had annoyed them very much!!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">After some hours my mother convinced me and said
there were no crystals, diamonds or precious stones in Kabul, she told me ‘they were electric bulbs
of various colours winking from homes’. I was convinced, still sobbing!!</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://hazara.co.uk/Kabul_City_during_evening.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="362" src="http://hazara.co.uk/Kabul_City_during_evening.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">My mother told me we are at our grandmother’s
place. I saw my uncles and aunts and my grandma. They were looking after me and
my youngest aunt took me outside to a playground. I played with her and later
on she took me to have an ice-cream. After a few days we got settled in our new
home, which I remember was in <i>Mikroryan</i>. In a few days <i>Noroz</i>
(Afghan New Year Eve, March 21) arrived and in those few days I saw many places
in Kabul.<br />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">To summarize, all I remember now is the green
hills, neat and clean roads and streets. People were selling boiled eggs and <i>Shornakhod</i>
(boiled beans) in the streets. We had beautiful parks and playgrounds. In the
main bazaar we would hear voices of hawkers, mixed with loud Indian music and
would feel the savor of Kabob, grilled corn. Shops of beautifully decorated <i>Sheeryakh</i>
(Afghan ice-cream) and a lot of children dressed in colourful, unique dresses,
some looking like acrobats and clowns. The city was alive then, and everyone
was living happy and in peace. My school, I remember today, was not less in any
standard from modern schools of Europe and India. We had very kind teachers
and we would be really enjoying learning there. It was fun being in school. In
the winter the entire city would be reflecting white rays of light from the
snow lying on ground. We would be sliding on snow-slides in the playgrounds and
would be taking hot black tea with almonds, pistachio and raisins in the
supper.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">By the time I was 14 years old, I had finished my 7<sup>Th</sup>
grade in the school and was counting days for the beginning of new school sessions
after long winter vacations, something happened which stunned me and my entire
family. I saw people running in the street and after a few minutes we heard
firing and blasts. I was shocked and was extremely furious. Hours later my
father entered home, with wild eyes, pale face and was trembling- he said ‘Kabul is no more a safe
place, war has begun’. He told my mother to pack a few clothes and that we are
leaving everything else.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">We stayed for a few days at my aunt’s place and
then were heading towards Jalalabad in a huge truck filled with our
belongings. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Years later now, I have realised that my mother was
not right. There were no light-bulbs glimmering, rather they were beyond-price,
valuable, shiny diamonds. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">If not diamonds, then why would wild bearded men -
wearing loose uncultured dresses and guns in hands - come and set Kabul on fire? Why would
they snatch our dreams from our eyes and why would they mix the irritating
smell of blood and phosphorous bombs with the savour of lamb-kabob?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ages ago, the bloodshed began and it continues to
date; do we need a <i>Processus de Kimberley</i> to save our huge diamond - Kabul?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i>The writer is on <a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/VagabondScahill">twitter</a> and blogs at <a href="http://pamirscahill.blogspot.com/">http://pamirscahill.blogspot.com/</a> </i></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-3345109943550077612012-01-23T02:41:00.000-08:002012-01-23T02:43:18.976-08:00Nazia Iqbal Quits Singing, Vows to Preach Islam<div style="text-align: right;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCBXzolbyJeQKq-kItntmEBnMQ-Po8q44IPJyhwoT6qifWkClRL_EFs0JThtgRilFe_psceWV9LuTpb-IuSd0KhyphenhyphenVltn16laYDFEjuTVylgv5srhClru4rO7b1GsQJjIaR1nYeCfjiNo0/s1600/Nazia+Iqbal+beautiful+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><b>بشير ګواښ – پراګ</b><br />
<b>
</b><a href="http://www.mashaalradio.org/section/homepage3/1564.html">مشال ريډيو </a><br />
<b>
د پښتو ژبې مشهورې سندرغاړې نازيه اقبال اعلان کړی چې نور به د سندرو پر
ځای د مذهب تبليغ کوي. په دې وروستيوو کې ډيرو سندرغاړو د کورونو د نه
اجازې، ژوند ته د ورپيښو خطرونو او د موسيقۍ د ماحول د خرابوالي له وجې هنر
پريښي. ځينې نور بيا دا کار غير اسلامي ګڼي. ځينې ديني عالمان هم دا کار
جايز او ځينې نور حرام ګڼي.</b><br />
<b>
</b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCBXzolbyJeQKq-kItntmEBnMQ-Po8q44IPJyhwoT6qifWkClRL_EFs0JThtgRilFe_psceWV9LuTpb-IuSd0KhyphenhyphenVltn16laYDFEjuTVylgv5srhClru4rO7b1GsQJjIaR1nYeCfjiNo0/s1600/Nazia+Iqbal+beautiful+%25281%2529.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><b> </b><a href="http://afghanmusic.mobi/site/artist_postcard/Nazia_Iqbal_postcard_yek.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="339" src="http://afghanmusic.mobi/site/artist_postcard/Nazia_Iqbal_postcard_yek.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<b>
پر ټولنيز ویب سایټ، فیس بوک ډاټ کام خپرې شوي، يوې تازه ويډيو کې سندرغاړې
نازيه اقبال ويلي چې نور به سندرې نه وايي او د اسلام تبليغ ته مخه کوي.
هغې دا اعلان په دوبۍ کې وکړ او وي ويل: ((له شپږو کلونو راهيسې مې سندرې
ويلي دي خو له دې وروسته به مې نه څوک مخ وويني او نه به مې اواز واوري. زه
د الله په لاره کې وخت لګوم.))</b><br />
<b>
</b><br />
<b>
نظار يوسفزی چې دا ويډيو يې په فيس بوک کې اچولې او په دوبۍ کې د پښتنو د
کلتوري ټولنو يو غړی دی وايي چې نازيه اقبال د دغه کار په کولو سره ښه
پيغام پرينښود. هغه وويل چې کوم خلک دا ويډيو ويني نو وايي به چې نازيه
اقبال ګنې له دې وړاندې کوم ډير زيات ناروا کار کاوه يا يې کومه ډيره لويه
ګناه کوله.</b><br />
<b>
</b><br />
<b>
ښاغلی يوسفزی وايي چې نازيه اقبال کورنۍ ستونزې لري او کيدای شي له دغې وجې
يې سندرو ويلو ته شا کړی وي چې د هغې فن ته ترې نقصان ورسيد.</b><br />
<b>
</b><br />
<b>
پر فيس بوک ډيرو خلکو د نازيه اقبال سندرو ويلو ته شا کول ستايلي دي خو
نظار يوسفزی دا د کلتور لپاره لوی ګوزار ګڼي. هغه وايي چې پښتانه سندرې
اوري خو سندرغاړي يې نه دي خوښ او نازيه اقبال بايد سندرو پريښودلو ته
مذهبي رنګ ورنه کړي.</b><br />
<b>
</b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCBXzolbyJeQKq-kItntmEBnMQ-Po8q44IPJyhwoT6qifWkClRL_EFs0JThtgRilFe_psceWV9LuTpb-IuSd0KhyphenhyphenVltn16laYDFEjuTVylgv5srhClru4rO7b1GsQJjIaR1nYeCfjiNo0/s1600/Nazia+Iqbal+beautiful+%25281%2529.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCBXzolbyJeQKq-kItntmEBnMQ-Po8q44IPJyhwoT6qifWkClRL_EFs0JThtgRilFe_psceWV9LuTpb-IuSd0KhyphenhyphenVltn16laYDFEjuTVylgv5srhClru4rO7b1GsQJjIaR1nYeCfjiNo0/s640/Nazia+Iqbal+beautiful+%25281%2529.jpg" width="420" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>
نظار يوسفزی زياتوي.<span style="font-size: large;">(( زما اصل اعتراض پر دې خبره دی چې نازيه اقبال دې کار
ته د مذهب رنګ ورکړ. نوي سندرغاړي به اوس سندرو ويلو ته زړه نه ښه کوي او
وايي به چې دا کار لکه چې په اسلام کې روا نه دی</span>. )) </b></div>
<b>
</b><br />
<b>
له دې وړاندې هم ځينو سندرغاړو موسيقي پرې ايښي او تبليغ يې پيل کړی. په
دوی کې يو شهنشاه باچا مشال ريډيو ته وويل سندرې يې ځکه پريښودلې چې ماحول
يې ښه نه وو. د هغه په وينا خلکو ترې داسې سندرې غوښتلي چې په ويلو يې هغه
خپل ضمير ته خجالت کاوه.</b><br />
<b>
</b><br />
<b>
نظار يوسفزی وايي چې د دين او خير ښېګړي کارونه د هنر پر مخ بيولو سره هم
کيدای شي. هغه زياتوي چې ډير داسې خلک پيژني چې هم خپل پنځه وخته لمونځ کوي
او هم د خپل هنر له لارې د خپلې ژبې او کلتور خدمت کوي. </b><br />
<b>
</b><br />
<b>
شهنشا باچا چې اوس يې خپل نوم شاه جهان ته بدل کړی، هم وايي چې هنر د دين
مخه نه نيسي او کيدای شي چې د فن پر مهال هم سړی نور خلک دين او د خیر
ښیګړي کارونو ته راوبولي</b><b>. </b><br />
<b>
</b><br />
<b>
د پښتو فلمونو مشهور ټوکمار اداکار لياقت ميجر چې په سينتيس مشهور دی هم په
فلمونو کې له کار کولو وروسته تبليغ ته مخه کړې. هغه مشال ريډيو ته د خپل
نوي او زاړه کار په اړه وويل. ((زه دا نه وايم چې هغه تير کار مې ډير خراب
وو يا دا کار مې ډير ښه دی او يا زه د تبليغ په کولو سره ډير متقي شوم.))</b><br />
<b>
</b><br />
<b>
ځينې پښتنو هنرمندانو د سخت دريځو له لاسه ژوند ته د ورپیښو خطرونو، ځينو د
کورنيوو ستونزو اوځينو له هنر سره د تړلي ماحول د خرابوالي له وجې دې ته
شا کړي خو ځینې نورو بيا دا کار غير اسلامي ګڼلی.</b><br />
<b>
</b><br />
<b>
قاضي حسن حقيار چې په شريعت کې پراخه او او لوړې زده کړي لري او په اسلام
کې د موسیقۍ پر ارزښت يې يو کتاب هم ليکلی، وايي. ((موسيقيت، خوږغږي،ترنم
او هر هغه شی چې پر ذهن باندې خوږ لږيږي، د دې تعريف له مخې موسيقي حرامه
نه ده. موسيقي په اسلام کې تاريخ لري. د صحابه وو په وخت کې وه، د حضرت
پيغمبر اکرم(ص) په وخت کې وه. آن په ځينو وختونو کې پيغمبر اکرم (ص) امر
کړی چې په ودونو کې دې موسقي وي. دريا دي وي او د هغه وخت د موسيقۍ ځينې
نور آلات دي وي خو هغه موسيقي چې نن سبارواج لري، د انجونو ګډاګاني دي،
نڅاوې دی، فاحشه موسيقي ده او انساني کرامت تر پښو لاندې کوي، حرامه ده.))</b><br />
<b>
</b><br />
<b>
د نازيه اقبال د سندرو د پريښودلو په ويډيو کې اداکار اسماعيل شاهد هم د
نورو هنرمندانو سره پر سټيج ولاړ وي. هغه د نازيه اقبال له اعلانه وروسته
وویل چې پر دغه کار ډير خفه شو.</b><br />
<b>
</b><br />
<b>
نازیه اقبال د سوات اوسيدونکي ده چې څه موده وړاندې يې د ننګرهار جاويد فضا
سره واده کړی او تر دې دمه يې په زرګونه سندرې يې ويلي دي</b></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<b>يادښت : دا رپورټ له دې وړاندې په مشال ريډيو کې خپور شوی دی</b></div>
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<b>د نازيه اقبال د دغه اعلان ويډيو دلته کتلی شئ</b></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/0kjm_UTG_8I" width="480"></iframe><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-59288430652278519762012-01-11T06:47:00.000-08:002012-01-11T06:47:43.796-08:00Karzai Parody<span class="”readmore”">An incredible parody of Afghan president Hamid Karzai. </span><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/tfF3xxlRH14" width="640"></iframe><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-27804973559047326632012-01-04T23:36:00.000-08:002012-01-04T23:36:22.597-08:00Opium Brides (video)<br />
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<u>(PBS FRONTLINE): </u><span style="font-family: inherit;">Afghan opium farmers have long borrowed money from drug gangs to subsidize their crops. Now, as the Afghan government destroys their livelihood in an eradication program, the farmers find themselves in a horrifying situation: repay their debts or give their daughters to drug-traffickers. [PBS's] Najibullah Quraishi reports on the harrowing story of the collateral damage of the counter-narcotics effort.</span></h4>
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Watch <a href="http://video.pbs.org/video/2183202462" style="color: #4eb2fe !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: 13px; text-decoration: none !important;" target="_blank">Opium Brides</a> on PBS. See more from <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/" style="color: #4eb2fe !important; font-weight: normal !important; height: 13px; text-decoration: none !important;" target="_blank">FRONTLINE.</a></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-35806243717823980532011-12-30T19:07:00.000-08:002011-12-30T19:47:36.754-08:00Full text of Pakistan's Supreme Court in Memo petitions<div class="zemanta-img" style="text-align: left;">
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<a href="http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan.gifstyle=%22background:none%22%20" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="English: This is the Coat of arms of Supreme C..." border="0" class="zemanta-img-inserted" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Coat_of_arms_of_Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan.gif" style="border: medium none; font-size: 0.8em;" width="165" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"><u>Source: Associated Press of Pakistan:</u> Following is the complete text of the Supreme</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Court order in memo Constitution petitions No. 77 TO 85 & 89 OF 2011 & CMA</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> NO.5505/2011 In Constitutional Petition. 79 Of 2011. The order was announced by</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> a nine member bench of the Supreme Court headed by Chief Justice of Pakistan</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry on Friday. </span>
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<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">“IN THE <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" rel="wikipedia" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">SUPREME COURT OF PAKISTAN</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">(Original Jurisdiction) </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">PRESENT: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">MR. JUSTICE <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iftikhar_Muhammad_Chaudhry" rel="wikipedia" title="Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry">IFTIKHAR MUHAMMAD CHAUDHRY</a>, CJ</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">MR. JUSTICE MIAN SHAKIRULLAH JAN</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">MR. JUSTICE TASSADUQ HUSSAIN JILLANI</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">MR. JUSTICE JAWWAD S. KHAWAJA</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">MR. JUSTICE TARIQ PARVEZ</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">MR. JUSTICE MIAN SAQIB NISAR</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">MR. JUSTICE EJAZ AFZAL KHAN</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">MR. JUSTICE IJAZ AHMED CHAUDHRY</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">MR. JUSTICE MUHAMMAD ATHER SAEED </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">CONSTITUTION PETITIONS NO. 77 TO 85 & 89 OF 2011</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">& CMA NO. 5505/2011 IN CONST. P. 79 OF 2011</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">[Constitution Petition under Article 184(3) of the Constitution regarding alleged</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Memorandum to Admiral Mike Mullen by Mr. <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husain_Haqqani" rel="wikipedia" title="Husain Haqqani">Hussain Haqqani</a>, former Ambassador of</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Pakistan to the United States of America] </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Watan Party PETITIONER [CP 77/2011] </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">M. Tariq Asad Advocate Supreme Court . PETITIONER [CP 78/2011] </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Muhammad Nawaz Sharif . PETITIONER [CP 79/2011] </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Senator Muhammad Ishaq Dar & another . PETITIONERS [CP 80/2011] </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Iqbal Zafar Jhagra & another . PETITIONERS [CP 81/2011] </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Lt. General r Abdul Qadir Baloch & 2 others . PETITIONERS [CP 82/2011] </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Raja Muhammad Farooq Haider Khan & another. PETITIONERS [CP 83/2011] </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Syed Ghous Ali Shah & 2 others . PETITIONERS [CP 84/2011] </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Hafeez Ur Rahman . PETITIONER [CP 85/2011] </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Shafqatullah Sohail . PETITIONER [CP 89/2011] </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">VERSUS </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Federation of Pakistan & others . RESPONDENTS </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">For the petitioners: Barrister Zafarullah Khan, ASC in person </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Tariq Asad, ASC in person </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Rashid A. Rizvi, Sr. ASC </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Senator Muhammad Ishaq Dar & </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Khawaja Muhammad Asif, MNA in person</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Muhammad Rafiq Rajwana, ASC </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Attique Shah, ASC </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Dr. M. Salahuddin Mengal, ASC </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Sardar Asmatullah Khan, ASC </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Syed Ghous Ali Shah, ASC </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Dr. M. Shamim Rana, ASC </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Naseer Ahmad Bhutta, ASC</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Mr. M.S. Khattak, AOR </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">For the President of Pakistan: Nemo. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">For the Prime Minister of Pakistan: Nemo. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">For Chief of Army Staff, Maulvi Anwar-ul-Haq</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">DG, ISI & M/O of Cabinet, Attorney General for Pakistan </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Defence, Foreign Affairs, Mr. Dil Muhammad Alizai, DAG </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Interior & Law: </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">For Hussain Haqqani: Ms. Asma Jahangir, ASC </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Ch. Akhtar Ali, AOR assisted by</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">M/s Idrees Ashraf and Asad Jamal, Advocates </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">For Mansoor Ijaz: Nemo. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Date of hearing: 19-23 & 27-30 December, 2011 </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">O R D E R </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">IFTIKHAR MUHAMMAD CHAUDHRY, CJ. - The Objectives Resolution, </span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">which has been made substantive part of the Constitution by means of Article 2A</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> of the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan commands that:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">“And whereas it is the will of the people of Pakistan to establish an order;</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Wherein integrity of the territories of the Federation, its independence and all</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> its rights, including its sovereign rights on land, sea and air, shall be safeguarded; </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">So that people of Pakistan may prosper and attain their rightful and honoured</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> place amongst the nations of the World and make their full contribution towards</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> international peace and progress and happiness of humanity.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">2. This short order shall be followed by detailed reasons, to be recorded later.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">The above petitions have been instituted under Article 184(3) of the Constitution</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> of Islamic Republic of Pakistan. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">3. For the purpose of understanding the issues involved in these petitions</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> precisely the facts noted from the pleadings of the parties are that on 10th</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> October, 2011, the respondent Mansoor Ijaz wrote an Article in Financial Times,</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> London. The contents of the said Memo have already been reproduced in the order</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> dated 1st December, 2011, however, same are repeated herein below:-</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">“CONFIDENTIAL MEMORANDUM </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">BRIEFING FOR ADM. MIKE MULLEN, CHAIRMAN, JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoB13nMAxn1ge4BiTkhhd8INNc5POHlFCC2ooEDgHaJv4nL8E4LC3wu9cTZfYc-zsSqnQhfTFCGtvD5P__BsXk2WwisBHntBDB8KMZ5a36fwPh-bvBflkS3VH5c0C0gI1rn8UZOv8-3H8/s1600/memogate-3.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoB13nMAxn1ge4BiTkhhd8INNc5POHlFCC2ooEDgHaJv4nL8E4LC3wu9cTZfYc-zsSqnQhfTFCGtvD5P__BsXk2WwisBHntBDB8KMZ5a36fwPh-bvBflkS3VH5c0C0gI1rn8UZOv8-3H8/s320/memogate-3.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">During the past 72 hours since a meeting was held between the president, the</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> prime minister and the chief of army staff, there has seen a significant</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> deterioration in Pakistan’s political atmosphere. Increasingly desperate efforts</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> by the various agencies and factions within the government to find a home - ISI</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> and/or Army, or the civilian government - for assigning blame over the UBL raid</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> now dominate the tug of war between military and civilian sectors. Subsequent</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> tit-for-tat reactions, including outing of the CIA station chief’s name in</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Islamabad by ISI officials, demonstrates a dangerous devolution of the ground</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> situation in Islamabad where no central control appears to be in place. </span>
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Civilians cannot withstand much more of the hard pressure being delivered from</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> the Army to succumb to wholesale changes. If civilians are forced from power,</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Pakistan becomes a sanctuary for UBL’s legacy and potentially the platform for</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> far more rapid spread of al Qaeda’s brand of fanaticism and terror. A unique</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> window of opportunity exists for the civilians to gain the upper hand over army</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> and intelligence directorates due to their complicity in the UBL matter. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Request your direct intervention in conveying a strong, urgent and direct message</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> to Gen Kayani that delivers Washington’s demand for him and Gen Pasha to end</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> their brinkmanship aimed at bringing down the civilian apparatus - that this is</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> a 1971 moment in Pakistan’s history. Should you be willing to do so, Washington’s</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> political/military backing would result in a revamp of the civilian government</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> that, while weak at the top echelon in terms of strategic direction and</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> implementation (even though mandated by domestic political forces), in a</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> wholesale manner replaces the national security adviser and other national</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> security officials with trusted advisers that include ex-military and civilian</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> leaders favorably viewed by Washington, each of whom have long and historical</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> ties to the US military, political and intelligence communities. Names will be</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> provided to you in a face-to-face meeting with the person delivering this message. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">In the event Washington’s direct intervention behind the scenes can be secured</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> through your personal communication with Kayani (he will likely listen only to</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> you at this moment) to stand down the Pakistani military-intelligence</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> establishment, the new national security team is prepared, with full backing of</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> the civilian apparatus, to do the following: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">1. President of Pakistan will order an independent inquiry into the allegations</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> that Pakistan harbored and offered assistance to UBL and other senior Qaeda</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> operatives. The White House can suggest names of independent investigators to</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> populate the panel, along the lines of the bipartisan 9-11 Commission, for</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> example. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">2. The inquiry will be accountable and independent, and result in findings of</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> tangible value to the US government and the American people that identify with</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> exacting detail those elements responsible for harboring and aiding UBL inside</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> and close to the inner ring of influence in Pakistan’s Government (civilian,</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> intelligence directorates and military). It is certain that the UBL Commission</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> will result in immediate termination of active service officers in the</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> appropriate government offices and agencies found responsible for complicity in</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> assisting UBL. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">3. The new national security team will implement a policy of either handing over</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> those left in the leadership of Al Qaeda or other affiliated terrorist groups who</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> are still on Pakistani soil, including Ayman Al Zawahiri, Mullah Omar and</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Sirajuddin Haqqani, or giving US military forces a “green light” to conduct the</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> necessary operations to capture or kill them on Pakistani soil. This “carte</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> blanche” guarantee is not without political risks, but should demonstrate the new</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> group’s commitment to rooting out bad elements on our soil. This commitment has</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> the backing of the top echelon on the civilian side of our house, and we will</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> insure necessary collateral support. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">4. One of the great fears of the military-intelligence establishment is that with</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> your stealth capabilities to enter and exit Pakistani airspace at will,</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Pakistan’s nuclear assets are now legitimate targets. The new national security</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> team is prepared, with full backing of the Pakistani government - initially</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> civilian but eventually all three power centers - to develop an acceptable</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> framework of discipline for the nuclear program. This effort was begun under the</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> previous military regime, with acceptable results. We are prepared to reactivate</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> those ideas and build on them in a way that brings Pakistan’s nuclear assets</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> under a more verifiable, transparent regime. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">5. The new national security team will eliminate Section S of the ISI charged</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> with maintaining relations to the Taliban, Haqqani network, etc. This will</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> dramatically improve relations with Afghanistan. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">6. We are prepared to cooperate fully under the new national security team’s</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> guidance with the Indian government on bringing all perpetrators of Pakistani</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> origin to account for the 2008 Mumbai attacks, whether outside government or</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> inside any part of the government, including its intelligence agencies. This</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> includes handing over those against whom sufficient evidence exists of guilt to</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> the Indian security services. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Pakistan faces a decision point of unprecedented importance. We, who believe in</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> democratic governance and building a much better structural relationship in the</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> region with India AND Afghanistan, seek US assistance to help us pigeon-hole the</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> forces lined up against your interests and ours, including containment of certain</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> elements inside our country that require appropriate re-sets and re-tasking in</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> terms of direction and extent of responsibility after the UBL affair. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">We submit this Memorandum for your consideration collectively as the members of</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> the new national security team who will be inducted by the President of Pakistan</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> with your support in this undertaking.” </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">4. Petitioners invoked original jurisdiction of this Court by means of</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Constitution Petitions, questioning therein the contents of above Memo on stated</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> allegations that question of public importance involving their fundamental rights</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> under the Constitution has been made out as according to the version of Mansoor</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Ijaz-respondent, Memo was prepared/drafted for the purpose of delivering the same</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> to Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen through Gen.</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> (Retd.) James Logan Jones, former US National Security Advisor. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">5. All the petitions were taken up for hearing on 1st December, 2011 when after</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> hearing the petitioners, either through counsel or in person, notices were issued</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> to the respondents for filing of their replies and to conduct a probe regarding</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> the Memo, Mr. Tariq Khosa, former Secretary Narcotics/DG, FIA, subject to his</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> consent, was directed to act as a Commission. On the same day, by means of</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> press-conference held in PID office by Dr. Babar Awan, Sr. ASC along with two</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Ministers and others, the order of the Court was criticized contemptuously.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Inasmuch as, brother of Mr. Tariq Khosa, namely, Mr. Justice Asif Saeed Khan</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Khosa, a learned Judge of this Court, who although was not member of the Bench,</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> was referred in terms which prima facie are contemptuous, therefore, for such</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> reasons, Mr. Tariq</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Khosa recused to act as a Commission. In this context, reaction of the Chief</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Executive/Prime Minister of Pakistan had been obtained and appropriate directions</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">shall be passed in the later part of the order. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">6. Parties, including the Chief of Army Staff, DG, ISI, Mansoor Ijaz as well as</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Hussain Haqqani and the Federation of Pakistan through Secretary Interior, Foreign</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Secretary represented by learned Attorney General for Pakistan, filed their</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> replies. No separate reply has been filed by the President of Pakistan. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">7. With a view to narrow down the controversy between the parties, directions</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> were issued to them to file counter affidavits/re-joinders to the replies of each</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> others vide order dated 19.12.2011. A perusal of the pleadings suggests:- </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">(i) After the publication of above Article along with Memo in Financial Times,</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> London on 10th of October, 2011, DG, ISI (Mr. Shujah Pasha) established his</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> contact with Mansoor Ijaz in London and on his return to Pakistan shared his</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> views with the Chief of Army Staff, General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, thus, both of</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> them in their replies to the petitions as well as affidavits have maintained that</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Memo dated 10th May, 2011 exists.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">(ii) On 16th November, 2011 Mr. Hussain Haqqani addressed a letter to the</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> President of Pakistan wherein after mentioning certain facts, he desired to</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> tender his resignation from the post of Ambassador of Pakistan in United States</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> and expressed to probe into the matter.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">About 3 to 4 meetings were held between the Prime Minister and Chief of Army</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Staff, the President and Chief of Army Staff and joint meeting between the</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> President, Prime Minister, Chief of Army Staff, DG ISI and Hussain Haqqani,</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> whereafter, Hussain Haqqani on account of their persuasion tendered his</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> resignation on 22.11.2011, which was accepted vide notification dated 23.11.2011.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Former Ambassador, Hussain Huqqani has denied categorically about his role in</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> preparation of the Memo who at the same time has relied upon an affidavit</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> tendered by James Jones, to establish that Mansoor Ijaz has concocted this story</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> that such Memo was sent by him for delivering to Admiral Mike Mullen before 9th</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> May, 2011. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">In the meanwhile, vide letter dated 28.11.2011, issued under the signatures of</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Mr. Khushnood Akhter Lashari, Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister referred</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> the matter to the Parliamentary Committee to conduct probe on the subject issue.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">The proposed terms of the reference are as under:- </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">To probe into the memo purportedly written and sent by Mr. Mansoor Ijaz. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">To give consequential recommendations. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Federation of Pakistan through Secretary Interior had not denied the existence</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> of the Memo in their counter affidavits except raising technical flaws in respect</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> of undertaking journey by DG, ISI to London to conduct a meeting with Mansoor</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Ijaz without permission of the Prime Minister. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Mansoor Ijaz in his reply and in counter affidavit has contradicted the stand</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> taken by Mr. Hussain Haqqani, former Ambassador and he has offered to provide</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> further evidence to substantiate his plea that allegedly on persuasion of</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Mr.Hussain Haqqani, Memo dated 10th may, 2011 was drafted to be delivered to Mike</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Mullen through James Jones. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">8. On 1st of December, 2011 the Court itself raised the question about the</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> maintainability of the petitions and at the same time it was observed that it</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> would be appreciated if the outcome of the proposed inquiry by the Parliamentary</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Committee on National Security is shared with the Court, if possible.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">9. After having heard the parties and having taken into consideration the</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> relevant provisions of the Constitution and the law, judgments cited on behalf</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> of both the sides and the pleadings of the parties carefully, we hold as under:-</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">In exercise of powers of Judicial Review, we hold that in these petitions,</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> petitioners have succeeded in establishing that the issues involved are</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> justiciable and question of public importance with regard to enforcement of</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> fundamental rights, prima facie, under Articles 9, 14 and 19A of the Constitution</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> has been made out. Thus, the petitions under Article 184(3) of the Constitution</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> are maintainable. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">To delineate measures with a view to ensure enforcement of the fundamental rights</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> noted in para ibid, a probe is called for to ascertain the origin, authenticity</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> and purpose of creating/drafting of Memo for delivering it to Chairman of the US</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen through Gen. (Retd.) James Logan Jones,</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> former US National Security Advisor. Thus, in exercise of powers conferred upon</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> this Court under Article 187 of the Constitution, Order XXXII, Rules 1 and 2 read</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> with Order XXXVI of the Supreme Court Rules, 1980 coupled with the principle of</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Civil Procedure Code, a Commission is appointed. As the due process of law is the</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> entitlement of all the stakholders, therefore, to ensure probe into the matter</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> in an transparent manner the Commission shall be comprising of: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">(i) Mr. Justice Qazi Faez Isa, (Chairman)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Chief Justice of Balochistan High Court </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">(ii) Mr. Justice Iqbal Hameed-ur-Rehman (Member)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Chief Justice, Islamabad High Court </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">(iii) Mr. Justice Mushir Alam (Member)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Chief Justice, High Court of Sindh </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Raja Jawwad Abbas Hassan, District & Sessions Judge, Islamabad is appointed as</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Secretary to the Commission.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">The Commission shall hold its meetings in the building of Islamabad High Court.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">The Commission shall be exercising all the powers of Judicial Officers for the</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> purpose of carrying out the object mentioned hereinabove and it shall be free to</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> avail services of advocates, experts of forensic science and cyber crimes. All</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> the Federal Secretaries, including Interior Secretary, Secretary Cabinet,</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Secretary Foreign Affairs; Chief Secretaries of all the provinces; DG, FIA;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Inspector Generals of Police of all the provinces and Ambassadors of Pakistan in</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> USA and UK, shall provide necessary assistance to the Commission. Government of</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Pakistan through Secretary Cabinet Division shall provide logistic support to the</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">
Commission, subject to its demands through the Secretary of the
Commission. The Commission shall be authorized to collect evidence
within and outside Pakistan according to prevailing laws on the
subject. The Commission shall provide full opportunity of hearing to
all the parties. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">The Commission is required to complete this task within a period of four weeks</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> after receipt hereof. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">10. It is to be noted that the reply submitted before the Court by Mr. Mansoor</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Ijaz, inter alia, comprises of certain documents including exchange of e-mails</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> and other communications using the BlackBerry Messaging service commonly known</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> as BBM between them i.e. Mansoor Ijaz and Hussain Haqqani were in constant touch</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> either through BBM, e-mails or voice calling w.e.f. 9th to 12th May, 2011. In</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> fact during relevant days, as many as 85 BBMs, voice calls and e-mails were</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> exchanged between the two. Prima facie these communications form the most</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> important piece of evidence regarding purported contacts between the two for the</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> purposes of drafting the alleged Memo. In addition to these dates, Mansoor Ijaz</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> also claims that he had electronic/telephonic interactions with Hussain Haqqani</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> on October, 28 and November, 1 2011. Therefore, in the interest of justice, it</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> is appropriate to get the confirmation about the veracity and authenticity of</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> these communications from the original company known as Research in Motion (RIM)</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> based in Canada being the sole and exclusive custodian of such information.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Therefore, the learned Attorney General is directed to contact the said Company</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> RIM through Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs for getting confirmation about</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> the authenticity of the above mentioned electronic communications exchanged</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> between Mansoor Ijaz and Hussain Haqqani. This confirmation may be obtained at</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> the earliest and in order to save and protect the forensic evidence and to</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> scrutinize the same it should be produced before the Commission. As forensic</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> evidence is likely to be collected from the company Research in Motion (RIM)</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> based in Canada, therefore, the High Commission of Pakistan in Canada is directed</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> to cooperate and assist the Commission as well.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">11. Vide order dated 1st December, 2011, Mr. Hussain Haqqani was directed not</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> to leave the country without the permission of the Court. This order is kept</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> intact.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">12. Office is directed to put a separate note in the Chambers of Chief Justice</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> of Pakistan along with the transcription of the press-conference dated 1st</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> December, 2011 of Mr. Babar Awan, Sr. ASC along with replies/reactions of the</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> Prime Minister of Pakistan dated 23rd December and 26th December, 2011 for</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> passing appropriate orders.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">13. The petitions are adjourned for a date to be fixed by the office after</span><span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;"> receipt of the report from the Commission. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">IFTIKHAR MUHAMMAD CHAUDHRY, CJ </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">MIAN SHAKIRULLAH JAN, J. TASSADUQ HUSSAIN JILLANI, J. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">JAWWAD S. KHAWAJA, J. TARIQ PARVEZ, J. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">MIAN SAQIB NISAR, J. EJAZ AFZAL KHAN, J. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">IJAZ AHMED CHAUDHRY, J. MUHAMMAD ATHER SAEED, J. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: 10pt;">Islamabad, the 30th December, 2011 </span>
<br />
<div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;">
<a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://www.zemanta.com/" title="Enhanced by Zemanta"><img alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=8295427c-0e86-4849-b5b7-df3dff010339" style="border: medium none; float: right;" /></a></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-51469654456510383782011-12-16T05:43:00.000-08:002011-12-16T05:47:08.511-08:00Kalash: An Endangered Culture (Academic Research)<div style="font-family: inherit;">
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</style><span style="font-size: small;"><b style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="DE">by Pamir Scahill (Follow <i><a href="http://twitter.com/#%21/VagabondScahill">Pamir Scahill on Twitter</a></i>) </span></span></b><b><span lang="DE"> </span></b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 16pt;">Abstract<span style="background-color: white;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://a1.twimg.com/profile_images/1687545785/Pam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="http://a1.twimg.com/profile_images/1687545785/Pam.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;">This paper focuses on cultural patterns of Kalash people in order to
explain why Kalasha is isolated and is not integrated to the mainstream
Pakistani society? This paper will explain how Kalash culture is at the verge
of extinction and is threatened by religious extremists while Pakistan’s State
is silent and is not doing enough to preserve this culture or to integrate it
in a positive way. The interaction between majority and minority culture also
falls under scope of the paper. The paper discusses areas of difficulty between
two groups.</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a name='more'></a></span></b><b><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16pt;">Kalash, Kalasha, Kafiristan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Back in 2008 when I visited <st1:placename w:st="on">Kalash</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Valley</st1:placetype>
in <st1:place w:st="on">Northern Pakistan</st1:place> I felt that I’ve had an
atavistic journey to the primitive human society and within hours I felt myself
to be a part of that fascinating culture which is based on pure collectivism<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://lilwizz.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/kalash3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="http://lilwizz.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/kalash3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">The nature loving people of <st1:placename w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Kalash</st1:city></st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Valley</st1:city></st1:placetype> live in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Northern Pakistan</st1:city></st1:place>’s
Chitral district<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></a>’<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></a>. Kalash people live
in 12 villages of the valley<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></a>. People of Kalash
are described to be the last pagan tribe of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:city></st1:country-region></st1:place><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></a>, some researchers
call them animists<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span></span></a>. Kalash people call
themselves to be animists<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span></span></a> because they
believe that trees, stones, streams, mountains etc. all have souls or spirits<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span></span></a>. Kalash people and
culture is also known as Kalasha or Kafiristan culture<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Origins of Kalash people are not known
exactly. There are views that Kalash people are descendants of Greeks<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span></span></a>. Some historians
say they are descendants of Alexander the Great<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span></span></a>. Some researchers
say<i> ‘</i></span><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the
Kalash are indigenous to Asia and come from the Nuristan area of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Afghanistan</st1:city></st1:country-region></st1:place>.
Some say the Kalash migrated to <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Afghanistan</st1:city></st1:country-region>
from a distant place in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">South Asia</st1:city></st1:place>
called ‘Tsiyam’, a place that features in their folk songs<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></b></span></span></a>.’</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> The people of Kalash believe
they came from present day Nuristan <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">province</st1:city></st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Afghanistan</st1:city></st1:placename></st1:city></st1:place><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Nuristan</span></st1:city></st1:place><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> province was also known
as Kafiristan in the past. In 19<sup>th</sup> century, Emir Abdur Rahman Khan
of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Afghanistan</st1:city></st1:country-region></st1:place>
forcefully converted them to Islam<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span></span></a>. Thus, Kafiristan
was named <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Nuristan</st1:city></st1:place><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Pakistan</span></st1:city></st1:country-region></st1:place><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> came into being in 1947
as a result of the partition of Indian sub-continent<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span></span></a>. Chitral as a
result of Durand Line Agreement<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span></span></a> became part of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:city></st1:country-region></st1:place>
and Kalash people were now Pakistani citizens. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:city></st1:country-region></st1:place>’s
Constitution and Ministry of Religious Affairs provide protection<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span></span></a> to the people of
Kalash valley. But this protection is <i>de jure</i> only and cannot be seen
pragmatically, physically or empirically.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Kalash Culture: A
Comparative Analysis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Kalash culture is not academically explored and explained to a larger
extent so far. There are many books available on its origin, genetic makeup of
people, preservation efforts, threats it is facing emanating from
fundamentalist political Islam, economy and history. But the culture itself is
not thoroughly described, explained and analyzed. Due to extreme isolation of
Kalash people, there is no other source available except the people (and their
own sources) of the beautiful valley themselves. This section tries to explain
the cultural makeup of Kalash people and gives a comparative analysis in this
regard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1006/530573303_38c814312d_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1006/530573303_38c814312d_o.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Kalash-times website reports, <i>‘[n]owadays there isn’t leader or
true elder, which some say has contributed to the downfall of Kalasha
traditions</i><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span></span></a>.’ This gives us a
clue that Kalash culture is not based on individualism as cultural patterns
show us about North American culture<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[20]</span></span></span></a>. It rather
resembles Japanese culture<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[21]</span></span></span></a>; or to put it more
comprehensively and accurately, the Asian culture. Kalash people believe in one
true leader or elder. In Kalash, a true leader streamlines and directs the
entire social life which in every family is the head of family presently and
for entire ethno-religious group, there is no representative. Like Muslims who
consider their Prophet Muhammad to be their true leader, or Dalai Lama for
Tibetan people, or Sai Baba for Hindus, Kalash have no such spiritual leader.
While it is true that Kalash people don’t have a real leader, there is no way
of democratic election of the leader in Kalash culture. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The other important thing in Kalash culture is ‘spirituality’. They
believe in one supreme, omnipotent God<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[22]</span></span></span></a> who will return
them their holy book. According to Kalash culture, the people had a holy book
which their forefathers buried<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[23]</span></span></span></a> at an undisclosed
location. As mentioned, Kalash people believe stones, and trees have souls.
This pretty well explains their similarity to Japanese people. Japanese and
Asian people prefer spiritualism over materialism<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[24]</span></span></span></a>. This view gives
rise to the situation of <i>‘being over doing’</i>. <i>Doing</i> phenomenon of
activity gives rise to struggle to achieve things and is a characteristic of
American culture<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[25]</span></span></span></a>. On the other
hand, <i>being</i> form of activity deals <i>‘with the notion of having a
natural and given position in the society<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[26]</span></b></span></span></a>.’
</i>This may also be described as a reason why it is difficult for Asians
(especially from homogenous cultures) to integrate in other cultures. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">According to Kalash people, when God returns
back their book to them <i>‘</i></span><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[a]t that time Kalasha people will surely become
strong but until then they will remain scattered<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[27]</span></b></span></span></a>.’
</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">This may
explain how Kalash themselves feel that they are weak and in minority but they
have a hope of good future with strength. Such assumption is truly linked to
liberal idealism yet is deeply spiritual. American view of hope is linked to
struggle for better future. They exploit nature for their welfare<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[28]</span></span></span></a> but Kalash people
are waiting for God to come and fulfill the promise their forefathers did with
them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">When viewed directly, it appears that social
relationships in Kalash culture are based on equality, but it is not true. Not
only social relationships exhibit inequality but there is a gender inequality
at force as well. For example, daughters don’t receive share in property<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[29]</span></span></span></a>.
The eldest son is the head of the family after death of father<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[30]</span></span></span></a>.
And during cultivation season landlord goes to the field to sow seeds and
others follow him; same happens during harvest of the crop<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[31]</span></span></span></a>.
When Kalash people harvest their crop they sacrifice an animal as well<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[32]</span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUnbb1wYtJjJDFsre6LTE39Zbtg4Ed-AJlWtTaqJRELqg9qgTAianlIBmTf8WGyTdkX8pMaQdlHJdBJ3p8pTGM9tFfi99QzdCU9uXm0T77PeyWG10pK_b_w6Sgv322DrfsUCaLLw0NQ8s/s1600/2614320597.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUnbb1wYtJjJDFsre6LTE39Zbtg4Ed-AJlWtTaqJRELqg9qgTAianlIBmTf8WGyTdkX8pMaQdlHJdBJ3p8pTGM9tFfi99QzdCU9uXm0T77PeyWG10pK_b_w6Sgv322DrfsUCaLLw0NQ8s/s400/2614320597.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Working as a group is characteristic of
Japanese people<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[33]</span></span></span></a>
and the same can be observed in Kalash culture. Like Koreans there is a
hierarchy in place<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[34]</span></span></span></a>
in Kalash culture. Relations are same as in Korean society i.e. <i>‘based on
authority and subordination<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[35]</span></b></span></span></a>.’</i>
This gives rise to high power distance. Working as a team will undermine
individualism that is in contrast to North American culture<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[36]</span></span></span></a>.
In <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Afghanistan</st1:city></st1:country-region></st1:place>
property is not given to daughters in the light of inheritance code, it is the
same in Kalash culture. This means that masculinity is in practice in Kalash
culture. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Kalash people live in harmony with nature
and don’t seem to accept any man made change in the nature. Poetry of Kalash
people explains this fact in a better way:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i>‘</i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Don’t walk in the native land of forest.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB">You have worn golden chains of shoes<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[37]</span></b></span></span></a>’<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Their strong belief
in spiritualism leads them to believe in metaphysical system of life and world:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">‘<span style="color: black;">What sort of environment will be there?</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black;">People come to my funeral festival</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black;">Some comes for sorrow and grace</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black;">Some comes for meeting their beloved.</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black;">Some comes to see my death body</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black;">Some comes to have fun there</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black;">When will I die?<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[38]</span></b></span></span></a>’<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Or<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black;">‘</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB">Life is the total
sum of feelings<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB">And the feelings are part of our life<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB">[..........]<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB">Life consists of two major parts<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB">But the hard ware our life is our body<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB">We can touch we can see<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB">The soft ware of our life is the ghost<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB">We can feel it, we can’t see<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[39]</span></b></span></span></a>’<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Metaphysics make a large part of lives of
Afghan, Indian, Tibetan and Japanese culture. One other important thing which
is more visible in Kalash culture as compared to other Asian cultures is that
the ultimate goal of life of Kalash people is to achieve and get high level of
happiness and joy, and that is the reason that they have many festivals<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[40]</span></span></span></a> during the year. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16pt;">Kalash Culture:
DMIS</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">General public in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:place></st1:country-region> came
to know about Kalash people only in 1970s<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[41]</span></span></span></a> and it was the
time when Kalash was facing famine<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[42]</span></span></span></a>. There are some
reasons which can explain why people didn’t know about them?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.pakimag.com/files/2011/05/Kalash-Kafiristan-Chitral-Chilam-Josh-Festival-5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="http://www.pakimag.com/files/2011/05/Kalash-Kafiristan-Chitral-Chilam-Josh-Festival-5.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">First, Kalash
people live an isolated life and still they can’t be seen in other cities of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place>.
They have a limited life and limited desires, because of their spiritual
nature, thus they don’t go to main cities of the country like <st1:city w:st="on">Islamabad</st1:city>,
<st1:city w:st="on">Lahore</st1:city>, <st1:city w:st="on">Karachi</st1:city>
or <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Peshawar</st1:city></st1:place> to
earn livelihood, receive education or some other purpose. Second, Kalash valley
is located in a mountainous region where the transportation system is
underdeveloped and the only means to get there is helicopter or aeroplane.
There are some roads leading to Kalash valley which are closed for more than
six months every year because of heavy snowfall and land-sliding. Third, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place>
as a state has never paid attention to Kalash valley, it was only Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto who <i>‘averted the tragedy<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[43]</span></b></span></span></a>’</i>
of famine and thus became hero of Kalash people<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[44]</span></span></span></a>. And finally,
media resources were limited at that time and only National Radio and
Television were available, newspapers were only for the literate class of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place>
and were often under restrictions and were censured.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">After mid 1970s,
another tragedy happened. When Soviet Forces entered <st1:country-region w:st="on">Afghanistan</st1:country-region>,
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region> started supporting
Jihad against Red Army and this radicalized <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place>’s Muslim population<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[45]</span></span></span></a>. General Zia Ul
Haq’s military rule is considered to be the radicalizing period in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place>’s
history by all known scholars of the region and abroad. Islamization of the country
as well as converting non-Muslims took place during his reign. Tablighis<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[46]</span></span></span></a> started visiting
Kalash valley and converted many Kalash people to Islam by force<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[47]</span></span></span></a>. This is what
Abbas Zaidi calls ethnic cleansing of Kafirs<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[48]</span></span></span></a>. In his article he
wrote: <i>‘</i></span><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The kidnapping and forced marriage and hence forced conversion of the
Kafir women to the Muslims, mostly Tablighi Pathans, continues to this day.
These women are not allowed to see their relatives unless the relatives also
convert. It is no secret that many of these women are sold at auction. Men are
circumcised against their will. The Tablighis carry Kalashnikovs as a matter of
routine and have killed many Kafirs who resisted conversion to the Tablighi
Islam<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[49]</span></b></span></span></a>.’
</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Zaidi
considers poverty to be another important factor in conversion of Kalash people
to Islam<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[50]</span></span></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">It reminds the historical past of humans. The thinking that <i>‘if
only people were more like us, then they would be all right to have around<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[51]</span></b></span></span></a>;’
</i>can be clearly understood in Kalash’s perspective. Bennett is very much
right that if we couldn’t convert people then <i>‘we killed them<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[52]</span></b></span></span></a>.’
</i>Kalash people were indeed killed and are still facing threats from Taliban,
Al-Qaida and other militant hard-line Islamic outfits in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[53]</span></span></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Pakistan</span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span style="font-size: 12pt;">’s state is also not
doing anything to preserve this culture, but itself is accused of supporting
and financing Taliban, and other militant organizations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">As part of the people of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place>, the Developmental Model
of Intercultural Sensitivity<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[54]</span></span></span></a> application is
full of complexities. Given the situation that Kalash people are isolated and
live their own life through their own way (as explained above) they can be
termed as ethnocentric<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[55]</span></span></span></a> culture. On the
other hand, Pakistani people (majority of them are Muslims) are also
ethnocentric in terms of their religion and are isolated from Kalash people.
Though Pakistanis go to Kalash valley as tourists but they never have tried to
intermingle with them and neither did Kalash people do so. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Difference of religion, language, cultural values and assumptions are
all factors which are keeping people of the same country divided and away from
one another. Applying DMIS here at both sides will appear to be at ‘defense’
stage of ethnocentric scale. Defense stage seems suitable because both cultures
can clarify and illustrate cultural differences<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[56]</span></span></span></a> and Muslims of
Pakistan <i>‘attach negative evaluations<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[57]</span></b></span></span></a>’</i>
to Kalash people. They use stereotypes like Kafir (Infidel), polytheists, and
as Zaidi quotes Akbar S. Ahmed from his book Pakistan Society <i>'dirty non-
believers<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[58]</span></b></span></span></a>.’
</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Kalasha: Integration or Extinction?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br />
Putting aside destructive behavior of Pakistan’s state (as accused of
supporting sectarian violence, militancy etc.), the claims of Pakistani
government to preserve Kalash culture don’t seem a reality because people from
the valley as well as scholars and journalists complain about inadequate and
insufficient attention of the people at the state level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://cdn.lightgalleries.net/4bd5ec017e817/images/kalash_jh_43-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="264" src="http://cdn.lightgalleries.net/4bd5ec017e817/images/kalash_jh_43-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The first responsibility of the state is to provide security to its
people. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place>,
it appears, to be failing in doing so (as described above). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">According to the people of Kalash, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place> came into being in 1947
and since then no school has been established there<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[59]</span></span></span></a>. State has not
only failed in providing basic necessities of life including education, but
also teachers in schools discourage and insult<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[60]</span></span></span></a> Kalash students in
the primary schools functioning in Chitral valley (those schools were built by
British Rulers which still function).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">On the other hand, because of the very low child birth rate, the
population of entire Kalash community is between 3000<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[61]</span></span></span></a> and 5000 (sources
give different numbers). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Under such circumstances, the difficulty level between two cultures
seems very high and integration seems a mere dream. Rather Kalash culture is at
the verge of extinction. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Recently, cross border attacks by Taliban in Chitral valley<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[62]</span></span></span></a> has not only
disrupted the work of various NGOs (working to preserve the culture) but has
raised concerns about forceful conversion of Kalash people to Islam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Under present circumstances, it is very difficult to change the
behavior of majority culture towards minority Kalash people. Even during
filling this paper a story unfolded that 37 Hindus converted to Islam in Matli<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[63]</span></span></span></a> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">sub-district</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Sindh</st1:placename></st1:place>.
Minorities are under extreme pressure in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place> because the society is
indeed radicalized to a very high level. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The first and extremely important point which is vital to Kalash
people is to save them from extinction. The State should provide them better
security and all basic necessities of life. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Second, exposure and cohabiting on regular basis can bring about the
difficulty level low. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Third, Kalash students should be provided free of cost education from
primary to higher level in order to give them better life and integrate them to
mainstream Pakistani society without converting their religion and cultural
beliefs as they are beauty of the Earth and a reminder of the living past of
humans residing in Central Asia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>Footnotes</b></span><br />
<hr size="1" style="font-family: inherit; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></a>
Word ‘collectivism’ is not intended here to be synonymous with socialism in
socio-economic meaning. Collectivism here means ‘living like a closely binding
group’.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></a>
Hussain, S. & Zaman, S. <i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #231f20;">Land, Culture and Identity: The
Case of the Kalash,</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #231f20;"> Reclaiming Balance: Indigenous
Peoples, Conflict Resolution and Sustainable Development. Tebtebba Foundation.
2004. Page: 267</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></a>
The Kalash villages are accessible from <st1:city w:st="on">Peshawar</st1:city>
and Gilgit over the <st1:placename w:st="on">Lawari</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Pass</st1:placetype> and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Shandur</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Pass</st1:placetype></st1:placename></st1:place>,
located at a distance of 365 kilometres and 385 kilometres respectively, a
12-hour journey in either case. However, tourists prefer to travel by air via
the daily flight operated by Pakistan International Airlines from <st1:city w:st="on">Islamabad</st1:city> or <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Peshawar</st1:city></st1:place>
to Chitral. (<span lang="EN-GB">(</span><a href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/194101/kalash-culture-shock/"><span lang="EN-GB">http://tribune.com.pk/story/194101/kalash-culture-shock/</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">)</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></a>
<i><span lang="EN-GB">Kalash: Culture Shock,</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> retrieved from (</span><a href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/194101/kalash-culture-shock/"><span lang="EN-GB">http://tribune.com.pk/story/194101/kalash-culture-shock/</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">) on December 06, 2011. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></a>
Mayfield, James: <i>Alexander the Great’s long-lost Greek descendents in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place>?</i>
Retrieved from (<a href="http://euroheritage.net/greeksinasia.shtml">http://euroheritage.net/greeksinasia.shtml</a>)
on December 06, 2011.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span></span></a>
<i>A brief history of Kalash</i>, retrieved from (<a href="http://www.kalashwelfare.org/index.php?/about-kalash/the-history-of-the-kalash/">http://www.kalashwelfare.org/index.php?/about-kalash/the-history-of-the-kalash/</a>)
on December 06, 2011.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Kafiristan means the land of
infidels. Kafir means infidel in Arabic.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span></span></a>
Mayfield, James: <i>Alexander the Great’s long-lost Greek descendents in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place>?</i>
Retrieved from (<a href="http://euroheritage.net/greeksinasia.shtml">http://euroheritage.net/greeksinasia.shtml</a>)
on December 06, 2011.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span></span></a>
Zaidi, Abbas: Ethnic cleansing of the Kafirs in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place>, retrieved from (<a href="http://india.indymedia.org/content/2003/04/4335.shtml">http://india.indymedia.org/content/2003/04/4335.shtml</a>)
on December 07, 2011.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span></span></a>
<i><span lang="EN-GB">Kalash: Culture Shock,</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> retrieved from (</span><a href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/194101/kalash-culture-shock/"><span lang="EN-GB">http://tribune.com.pk/story/194101/kalash-culture-shock/</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">) on December 06, 2011.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[13]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[14]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span></span></a>
<st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-GB">Nuristan</span></st1:place><span lang="EN-GB"> means the land of enlightenment.
Nur means light in Arabic.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Bates, Crispin, Dr. </span><i>The Hidden Story
of Partition and its Legacies</i>, retrieved from (<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml">http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml</a>) on December 07,
2011.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[17]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">This line was drawn in 1893 by
British Colonialists of India and they had divided <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Afghanistan</st1:country-region></st1:place> into two parts. The
eastern part’s control was given to British and the remained <st1:country-region w:st="on">Afghanistan</st1:country-region> became a protectorate of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Great Britain</st1:country-region></st1:place>.
This led to Third Anglo-Afghan War and eventually to independence of <st1:country-region w:st="on">Afghanistan</st1:country-region> but the entire region on the eastern
side of Durand Line fell to British which they included in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place> in 1947. Chitral is also
part of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place>
now.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span></span></a>
<i>A brief history of Kalash</i>, retrieved from (<a href="http://www.kalashwelfare.org/index.php?/about-kalash/the-history-of-the-kalash/">http://www.kalashwelfare.org/index.php?/about-kalash/the-history-of-the-kalash/</a>)</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[19]</span></span></span></a>
<i><span lang="EN-GB">The Kalash and The Kalash
Traditions</span></i><span lang="EN-GB">,
retrieved from (</span><a href="http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/the-kalasha-and-the-kalasha-tradition/"><span lang="EN-GB">http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/the-kalasha-and-the-kalasha-tradition/</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">) on December 07, 2011.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[20]</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> Stewart, E. C., Danielian, J. &
Foster, R., J., <i>Cultural Assumptions and Values</i>, Page: 163</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[21]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ramsey, S. J., <i>Interaction
between North Americans & Japanese: Consideration of Communication Style</i>,
Page: 115</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[22]</span></span></span></a>
<i><span lang="EN-GB">The Kalash and The Kalash
Traditions</span></i><span lang="EN-GB">,
retrieved from (</span><a href="http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/the-kalasha-and-the-kalasha-tradition/"><span lang="EN-GB">http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/the-kalasha-and-the-kalasha-tradition/</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">) on December 07, 2011.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[23]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[24]</span></span></span></a>
Americans view the world as material. But it doesn’t mean they don’t have any
spiritual roots or beliefs.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[25]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Stewart, E. C., Danielian, J.
& Foster, R., J., <i>Cultural Assumptions and Values</i>, Page: 159</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[26]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[27]</span></span></span></a>
<i><span lang="EN-GB">The Kalash and The Kalash
Traditions</span></i><span lang="EN-GB">,
retrieved from (</span><a href="http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/the-kalasha-and-the-kalasha-tradition/"><span lang="EN-GB">http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/the-kalasha-and-the-kalasha-tradition/</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">) on December 07, 2011.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[28]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Stewart, E. C., Danielian, J.
& Foster, R., J., <i>Cultural Assumptions and Values</i>, Page: 163</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[29]</span></span></span></a>
<i><span lang="EN-GB">The Kalash and The Kalash
Traditions</span></i><span lang="EN-GB">,
retrieved from (</span><a href="http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/the-kalasha-and-the-kalasha-tradition/"><span lang="EN-GB">http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/the-kalasha-and-the-kalasha-tradition/</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">) on December 10, 2011.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[30]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[31]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[32]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[33]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ramsey, S. J., <i>Interaction
between North Americans & Japanese: Consideration of Communication Style</i>,
Pp: 116-117</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[34]</span></span></span></a>
<i><span lang="EN-GB">Kimchi & Korea</span></i><span lang="EN-GB">, Page:147</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[35]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[36]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Stewart, E. C., Danielian, J.
& Foster, R., J., <i>Cultural Assumptions and Values</i>, Pp: 163-164</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[37]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Kalash Poetry, retrieved from
(</span><a href="http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/logo-of-kims/"><span lang="EN-GB">http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/logo-of-kims/</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">) on December 11, 2011.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[38]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid. <i>When Will I Die?</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[39]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid. Life & Feelings</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[40]</span></span></span></a>
Kalash Festivals: retrieved from (<a href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/178151/preserving-kalash-culture-the-big-fat-greek-festival/">http://tribune.com.pk/story/178151/preserving-kalash-culture-the-big-fat-greek-festival/</a>,
<a href="http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/the-kalasha-and-the-kalasha-tradition/">http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/the-kalasha-and-the-kalasha-tradition/</a>
and <a href="http://www.kalashwelfare.org/index.php?/about-kalash/the-history-of-the-kalash/">http://www.kalashwelfare.org/index.php?/about-kalash/the-history-of-the-kalash/</a>)
on December 11, 2011.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[41]</span></span></span></a>
Zaidi, Abbas: Ethnic cleansing of the Kafirs in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place>, retrieved from (<a href="http://india.indymedia.org/content/2003/04/4335.shtml">http://india.indymedia.org/content/2003/04/4335.shtml</a>)
on December 11, 2011.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[42]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[43]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[44]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[45]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[46]</span></span></span></a>
Tablighis are <span lang="EN-GB">Islamic
Preachers who travel inside the country and go abroad to convert people to
Islam. Tabligh is Arabic word which means ‘to preach’.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[47]</span></span></span></a>
Zaidi, Abbas: Ethnic cleansing of the Kafirs in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place>, retrieved from (<a href="http://india.indymedia.org/content/2003/04/4335.shtml">http://india.indymedia.org/content/2003/04/4335.shtml</a>)
on December 11, 2011.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[48]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[49]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[50]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[51]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Bennett, J. M., <i>Intercultural
Communication: A current perspective</i>, Page: 2</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[52]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[53]</span></span></span></a>
Walsh, Declan Taliban threat closes in on isolated Kalash tribe, retrieved from
Guardian (<a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/17/taliban-kalash-pakistan-afghanistan">http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/17/taliban-kalash-pakistan-afghanistan</a>)
on December 12, 2011.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[54]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Bennett, J. M., <i>Intercultural
Communication: A current perspective</i>, Page: 26</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[55]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[56]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid. Page: 27</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[57]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[58]</span></span></span></a>
Zaidi, Abbas: Ethnic cleansing of the Kafirs in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place>, retrieved from (<a href="http://india.indymedia.org/content/2003/04/4335.shtml">http://india.indymedia.org/content/2003/04/4335.shtml</a>)
on December 11, 2011.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn59" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[59]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Analysis, retrieved from (</span><a href="http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/analysis/"><span lang="EN-GB">http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/analysis/</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">) on December 12, 2011.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn60" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[60]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Ibid.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn61" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[61]</span></span></span></a>
<i>A brief history of Kalash</i>, retrieved from (<a href="http://www.kalashwelfare.org/index.php?/about-kalash/the-history-of-the-kalash/">http://www.kalashwelfare.org/index.php?/about-kalash/the-history-of-the-kalash/</a>)
on December 06, 2011.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn62" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[62]</span></span></span></a>
Walsh, Declan Taliban threat closes in on isolated Kalash tribe, retrieved from
Guardian (<a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/17/taliban-kalash-pakistan-afghanistan">http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/17/taliban-kalash-pakistan-afghanistan</a>)
on December 12, 2011.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn63" style="font-family: inherit;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=346224541208399281#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[63]</span></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">37 Hindus convert to Islam in
Matli, retrieved from (</span><a href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/305697/seeking-social-status-37-hindus-convert-to-islam-in-matli/"><span lang="EN-GB">http://tribune.com.pk/story/305697/seeking-social-status-37-hindus-convert-to-islam-in-matli/</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">) on December 13, 2011.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> A brief history of Kalash</span></i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, retrieved from (</span><a href="http://www.kalashwelfare.org/index.php?/about-kalash/the-history-of-the-kalash/"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.kalashwelfare.org/index.php?/about-kalash/the-history-of-the-kalash/</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;">) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Analysis, retrieved from (</span><a href="http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/analysis/"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/analysis/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bates, Crispin, Dr. </span></span><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The
Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, retrieved from (</span><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt;">)
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bennett, J. M., <i>Intercultural Communication: A
current perspective</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">5.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hussain, S.
& Zaman, S. </span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12pt;">Land,
Culture and Identity: The Case of the Kalash,</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12pt;"> Reclaiming Balance: Indigenous Peoples, Conflict Resolution and
Sustainable Development. Tebtebba Foundation. 2004. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">6.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Kalash: Culture Shock,</span></i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> retrieved from (</span><a href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/194101/kalash-culture-shock/"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://tribune.com.pk/story/194101/kalash-culture-shock/</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">7.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Kalash Poetry, retrieved from (</span><a href="http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/logo-of-kims/"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/logo-of-kims/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">8.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Kimchi & Korea</span></i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">,
Page:147<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">9.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mayfield,
James: <i>Alexander the Great’s long-lost Greek descendents in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place>?</i>
Retrieved from (</span><a href="http://euroheritage.net/greeksinasia.shtml"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://euroheritage.net/greeksinasia.shtml</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">10.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Ramsey, S. J., <i>Interaction between North Americans
& Japanese: Consideration of Communication Style</i>, Page: 115<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">11.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Stewart, E. C., Danielian, J. & Foster, R., J., <i>Cultural
Assumptions and Values</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">12.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">The Kalash and The Kalash Traditions</span></i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">, retrieved from (</span><a href="http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/the-kalasha-and-the-kalasha-tradition/"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://thekalashatimes.wordpress.com/the-kalasha-and-the-kalasha-tradition/</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">13.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Walsh,
Declan Taliban threat closes in on isolated Kalash tribe, retrieved from
Guardian (</span><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/17/taliban-kalash-pakistan-afghanistan"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/17/taliban-kalash-pakistan-afghanistan</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">14.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Zaidi,
Abbas: Ethnic cleansing of the Kafirs in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Pakistan</st1:country-region></st1:place>, retrieved from (</span><a href="http://india.indymedia.org/content/2003/04/4335.shtml"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://india.indymedia.org/content/2003/04/4335.shtml</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">15.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">37 Hindus convert to Islam in Matli, retrieved from (</span><a href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/305697/seeking-social-status-37-hindus-convert-to-islam-in-matli/"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://tribune.com.pk/story/305697/seeking-social-status-37-hindus-convert-to-islam-in-matli/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">) </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-14027463052673339902011-12-01T05:39:00.000-08:002011-12-01T06:12:42.469-08:00The Extreme Tourist in Afghanistan<span class="”readmore”"></span>
"AFGHANISTAN. Beyond the Taliban, beyond the burka, beyond the bloodshed, beyond the myth and beyond the extreme, there is... The Extreme Tourist: Afghanistan. Broken hearted and stranded in a war zone, Aussie Sabour Bradley reveals the unseen side of Afghanistan. He auditions for Afghan Idol, races fighting pigeons and takes on a fierce kite fighter. In Kandahar, he wrestles in an Afghan death match, patrols with a famous female detective and meets a former Taliban member."
Sabour Bradley was in Afghanistan for five months to fill this incredible series. Here are some of the videos from his adventure.<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/0ps3jfTg7O8?hd=1" width="640"></iframe><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/mvR533DBll8" width="640"></iframe>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/veAPOps7Kiw" width="640"></iframe>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/mvpUUaTVJxc" width="640"></iframe>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/kUs0kxO0Pek" width="640"></iframe><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-29198305320257366182011-11-19T18:54:00.001-08:002011-11-25T06:32:50.033-08:00Loya Jarga's Declaration on US-Afghan Pact (Full Text)<br />
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<a href="http://www.dawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/PanjshirAFP543.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="162" src="http://www.dawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/PanjshirAFP543.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span class="”readmore”">Full text of Loya Jarga's Declaration on US-Afghan Pact (Pashto and Dari).</span><br />
<span class="”readmore”"><a name='more'></a></span><iframe frameborder="0" src="http://docs.google.com/gview?url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B6fnjJClTDZJMDI5ZDA0MDktYzUxMy00MjFiLWEzOGEtODk3ZmY5NjhmMDRm&hl=en_US&embedded=true" style="height: 500px; width: 600px;"></iframe><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-16804555285189188132011-11-19T18:29:00.001-08:002011-11-25T09:08:10.730-08:00Full text of controversial memo "sent by Zardari"<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i1.tribune.com.pk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/296084-Haqani-1322008617-854-640x480.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://i1.tribune.com.pk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/296084-Haqani-1322008617-854-640x480.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<i> According to media reports, Ijaz Mansoor, an American businessman of Pakistani roots, passed a secret memorandum to Admiral Mike Mullen, </i>former chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff<i>. Mansoor alleged that the memo was written by Pakistan's ambassador to the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.history.com/topics/states" rel="historycom" title="The States">United States</a>, Husain Haqqani (who has quite over the scandal now), to Mullen with the guidance and approval of Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari. Haqqani denies any involvement in the writing of the memorandum or passing it to Admiral Mullen. Here is a copy of the controversial memo that has shaken Pakistan's politics and may widen gaps between army and Zardari's government. </i><br />
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"During the past 72 hours since a meeting was held between the president, the prime minister and the chief of army staff, there has seen a significant deterioration in Pakistan’s political atmosphere. Increasingly desperate efforts by the various agencies and factions within the government to find a home – ISI and/or Army, or the civilian government – for assigning blame over the OBL raid now dominate the tug of war between military and civilian sectors.<br />
<a name='more'></a>Subsequent tit-for-tat reactions, including outing of the CIA station chief’s name in Islamabad by ISI officials, demonstrates a dangerous devolution of the ground situation in Islamabad where no central control appears to be in place.<br />
<br />
Civilians cannot withstand much more of the hard pressure being delivered from the Army to succumb to wholesale changes. If civilians are forced from power, Pakistan becomes a sanctuary for UBL’s legacy and potentially the platform for far more rapid spread of al Qaeda’s brand of fanaticism and terror. A unique window of opportunity exists for the civilians to gain the upper hand over army and intelligence directorates due to their complicity in the UBL matter.<br />
Request your direct intervention in conveying a strong, urgent and direct message to Gen Kayani that delivers Washington’s demand for him and Gen Pasha to end their brinkmanship aimed at bringing down the civilian apparatus – that this is a 1971 moment in Pakistan’s history. Should you be willing to do so, Washington’s political/military backing would result in a revamp of the civilian government that, while weak at the top echelon in terms of strategic direction and implementation (even though mandated by domestic political forces), in a wholesale manner replaces the national security adviser and other national security officials with trusted advisers that include ex-military and civilian leaders favorably viewed by Washington, each of whom have long and historical ties to the US military, political and intelligence communities. Names will be provided to you in a face-to-face meeting with the person delivering this message.<br />
In the event Washington’s direct intervention behind the scenes can be secured through your personal communication with Kayani (he will likely listen only to you at this moment) to stand down the Pakistani military-intelligence establishment, the new national security team is prepared, with full backing of the civilian apparatus, to do the following:<br />
1. President of Pakistan will order an independent inquiry into the allegations that Pakistan harbored and offered assistance to UBL and other senior Qaeda operatives. The White House can suggest names of independent investigators to populate the panel, along the lines of the bipartisan 9-11 Commission, for example.<br />
2. The inquiry will be accountable and independent, and result in findings of tangible value to the US government and the American people that identify with exacting detail those elements responsible for harboring and aiding UBL inside and close to the inner ring of influence in Pakistan’s Government (civilian, intelligence directorates and military). It is certain that the UBL Commission will result in immediate termination of active service officers in the appropriate government offices and agencies found responsible for complicity in assisting UBL.<br />
3. The new national security team will implement a policy of either handing over those left in the leadership of Al Qaeda or other affiliated terrorist groups who are still on Pakistani soil, including Ayman Al Zawahiri, Mullah Omar and Sirajuddin Haqqani, or giving US military forces a “green light” to conduct the necessary operations to capture or kill them on Pakistani soil. This “carte blanche” guarantee is not without political risks, but should demonstrate the new group’s commitment to rooting out bad elements on our soil. This commitment has the backing of the top echelon on the civilian side of our house, and we will insure necessary collateral support.<br />
4. One of the great fears of the military-intelligence establishment is that with your stealth capabilities to enter and exit Pakistani airspace at will, Pakistan’s nuclear assets are now legitimate targets. The new national security team is prepared, with full backing of the Pakistani government – initially civilian but eventually all three power centers – to develop an acceptable framework of discipline for the nuclear program. This effort was begun under the previous military regime, with acceptable results. We are prepared to reactivate those ideas and build on them in a way that brings Pakistan’s nuclear assets under a more verifiable, transparent regime.<br />
5. The new national security team will eliminate Section S of the ISI charged with maintaining relations to the Taliban, Haqqani network, etc. This will dramatically improve relations with Afghanistan.<br />
6. We are prepared to cooperate fully under the new national security team’s guidance with the Indian government on bringing all perpetrators of Pakistani origin to account for the 2008 Mumbai attacks, whether outside government or inside any part of the government, including its intelligence agencies. This includes handing over those against whom sufficient evidence exists of guilt to the Indian security services.<br />
Pakistan faces a decision point of unprecedented importance. We, who believe in democratic governance and building a much better structural relationship in the region with India AND Afghanistan, seek US assistance to help us pigeon-hole the forces lined up against your interests and ours, including containment of certain elements inside our country that require appropriate re-sets and re-tasking in terms of direction and extent of responsibility after the UBL affair.<br />
We submit this memorandum for your consideration collectively as the members of the new national security team who will be inducted by the President of Pakistan with your support in this undertaking."<br />
<div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;">
<a class="zemanta-pixie-a" href="http://www.zemanta.com/" title="Enhanced by Zemanta"><img alt="Enhanced by Zemanta" class="zemanta-pixie-img" src="http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=45537c8d-8d8f-4e36-b55f-b964074a0152" style="border: none; float: right;" /></a></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-25701752029718347852011-11-14T01:47:00.001-08:002011-11-25T06:28:37.876-08:00Extract from Afghan-US Strategic Pact<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.khaama.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/US-Afghanistan-300x227.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="http://www.khaama.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/US-Afghanistan-300x227.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span class="”readmore”">Representing all Afghanistan, a traditional grand council (Loya Jarga) will gather on Wednesday (November 16, 2011) to discuss the strategic pact between Afghanistan and the United States. AfghanCorner has obtained a copy of the unapproved draft of the pact. Here are some important points. </span><br />
<ul>
<li>Any kind of foreign aggression and threat to Afghanistan will be responded with accordance to both countries constitutions. </li>
<li>Provincial reconstruction teams (PRT) will be dissolved with the agreement of Afghanistan and the US and in the right time. <a name='more'></a></li>
<li>Security companies could continue their activities but under strict control of Afghan government. </li>
<li>US will be allowed to take their own measurements for protecting its personnel and officials in Afghanistan. </li>
<li>Both countries <span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps"></span><span class="hps">shall</span> <span class="hps">exchange</span> <span class="hps">information</span> <span class="hps">on</span> <span class="hps">issues</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">fight against</span> <span class="hps">common</span> <span class="hps">threats</span><span class="">, including</span> <span class="hps">international terrorism</span><span class="">, drug trafficking</span><span class="">,</span> <span class="hps">organized crime</span> <span class="hps">and money laundering.</span> <span class="hps"></span><span class=""></span></span></li>
<li>US will hand over the authority of prisons to Afghanistan if they are seemed capable of running it lawfully.</li>
<li>US will not use Afghanistan as a launching pad to attack other countries unless according to international laws.</li>
<li>US is not looking to stay permanently in Afghanistan that could threaten Afghanistan's neighbors. </li>
<li>Afghanistan will seek US cooperation for logistic support in war on terror.</li>
<li>Afghanistan invite US troops to continue to tackle drug trafficking with supportive operations.</li>
<li>Afghanistan pledges to amend election laws to avoid any fraud and to pave way to a better democratic Afghanistan. </li>
<li>Afghanistan, with the help of US on global stage, will seek better relations with neighbors including Pakistan. </li>
<li>US will continue to encourage investors to invest in Afghanistan-a country that bridges South Asia and Central Asia. US will seek international support for the betterment of Afghanistan's economy especially transit, transport and energy sectors. </li>
<li>Afghanistan will continue to get US funds. However, Afghanistan should improve its tax system and crack down corruption. </li>
<li>US pledges its full support for education in Afghanistan. </li>
<li>A commission headed by the foreign ministers of both countries will be established to look after the implementation and observation of this pact. </li>
</ul><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-5946169597727658452011-11-08T11:54:00.000-08:002011-11-25T06:56:38.132-08:00Did Iran Pull Out an Afghan Film from Afghan Film Festival?<h2 style="font-weight: normal;">
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<a href="http://jeffreyhill.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341d417153ef01157027b667970c-pi" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://jeffreyhill.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341d417153ef01157027b667970c-pi" width="320" /></a>A controversial film depicting the plight of Afghan refugees in Iran
was pulled at the eleventh hour in Kabul, sparking angry allegations
that the authorities had caved into pressure from Tehran.<br />
As the furore over the cancellation escalated, the Afghan parliament
summoned information and culture minister Sayed Makhdum Rahin, who has
oversight over such events. Both he and the state-run agency Afghan Film
denied they had banned the film, called “Madrassa”, while the Iranian
embassy said it had no hand in the decision.<br />
The allegations of Iranian interference, made by filmmakers and a
member of parliament, reflect widespread suspicions about the
behind-the-scenes role Tehran plays in Afghan politics.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
“Madrassa” depicts the struggle of an Afghan refugee as he tries to
enrol his daughter in Iranian schools, which repeatedly shut their doors
on her. The film shows Iranians treating the father with contempt
because he is Afghan, and eventually imprisoning and torturing him.<br />
The film should have been shown in Kabul in mid-October, but was halted at the last minute.<br />
Shukria Barakzai, a member of parliament for Kabul, believes the film
was cancelled because of Iranian diplomatic pressure, and accused the
Afghan government of surrendering to this kind of interference.<br />
The Iranian embassy in Kabul did not answer IWPR’s repeated requests
for a comment on the issue, but Afghanistan’s Tolo TV quoted it as
denying any involvement.<br />
The incident angered local film-makers, including Asad Sekandar, the
head of the company which made “Madrassa”, who said cancelling it was a
breach of freedom of expression.<br />
Jawansher Haidari, head of the Afghanistan Cinema Association, called
the decision unlawful and undemocratic. The proper procedure was to
raise a complaint with Afghanistan’s media watchdog, not to censor films
in advance, he said.<br />
“Madrassa” is not the only film to spark controversy recently. Several
movies at a human rights film festival last month in the northern Balkh
province prompted rowdy protests.<br />
Although the protesters were ostensibly unhappy about content they
claimed was un-Islamic, the festival’s organiser Malek Shafii said he
suspected this was not the real target. He claimed pro-Iranian networks
in Balkh orchestrated the protests to stop other films being shown.<br />
“Some students at Balkh university’s faculty of Shariah law and
religion were hired for this purpose, and disrupted the festival by
staging protests against one or two films which had nothing wrong with
them,” he said.<br />
One of the films that was due to be shown, called “Neighbour”, was
about a massacre of Afghans after a riot at a refugee camp in Iran. Its
maker Zubair Farghand said the protests against other films were
actually a way of derailing his one.<br />
“Because the film is based on a true story, the Iranian government has
sought to prevent it from being screened by every means possible,” he
said.<br />
Those involved in disrupting film showings insisted their anger was
directed only at the denigration of Islamic values. The screening of
“Paper Boats”, in which a widow is befriended by a mullah, was
interrupted by chants of “Allahu Akbar” and had to be stopped.<br />
Student Mohammad Jamshed said he found “Paper Boats” genuinely
offensive, as it showed “an imam at a mosque displaying sexual interest
in a woman…. How can a Muslim tolerate that?”<br />
However, another member of the audience, Sohrab Sirat, said the story
the film actually told was how a war widow’s faith in humanity was
restored by a mullah. He too believed the expressions of outrage were
merely a ploy to stop “Neighbours”, with its Iranian content, being seen
at the festival.<br />
Festival organiser Shafii insisted that all the films on the
programme had been vetted and approved in advance by a commission that
included a culture ministry representative. Saleh Mohammad Khaliq, the
provincial head of culture and information, said this was not the case
and his department had not been informed about the festival.<br />
Maiwand, a commentator on cultural affairs in Balkh, said Iran had been
building a presence in the province since Taleban rule ended in 2001,
by setting up religious schools, libraries and charities, and funding
local media. He urged Afghanistan’s western allies to counter what he
said was covert Iranian activity in the province.<br />
<b><br /></b><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-17998745426785894812011-11-05T09:45:00.000-07:002011-11-05T09:46:34.256-07:00Secret Pakistan (BBC's Documentary)<span class="”readmore”">Watch BBC's documentary which explores Pakistan's links to terrorists groups that are used to protect Pakistan's interest in the region. </span><br />
<span class="”readmore”"><br /></span>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/JJdFqioR-YA" width="640"></iframe>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/CQ_mzOaf8Js" width="640"></iframe><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-76073449150589572902011-09-28T00:50:00.000-07:002011-09-28T00:51:53.484-07:00Drone attacks in Pakistan are the best of a bad set of options<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="zoomMe">The recent drone attack that reportedly killed
Al-Qaeda leader Abu Hafs al-Shahri in Waziristan is the latest result of
a Central Intelligence Agency campaign that began in 2004. Pakistan has
protested against U.S. drone attacks, considering them a violation of
its sovereignty.<br />
<br />
Such protests have been ineffective. Strikes by the pilotless predators
have increased since President Barack Obama took office in 2008. The
United States considers them so effective that it is seeking a further
expansion of drone operations in Pakistan, "The Washington Post"
reported.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
Many Pakistanis say the drones kill too many civilians and therefore
should be stopped. On September 19, Mustafa Nawaz Khokhar, an adviser to
Pakistan’s prime minister, told reporters that in order to build
diplomatic pressure against drone attacks, the federal Ministry of Human
Rights has decided to bring the issue before the United Nations. In April, speaking to parliament hours after dual drone strikes killed
six suspected militants in Waziristan, Prime Minister Yusuf Raza Gilani
condemned the raids and said the Foreign Ministry had lodged a complaint
with the U.S. Embassy, reiterating its stance that such attacks are
counterproductive.<br />
<br />
<b>Sophisticated, Accurate</b><br />
<br />
However, drones are considered one of the most sophisticated of
modern-day weapons -- more precise than regular missiles -- and have the
ability to verify targets without risking the lives of pilots. A recent
study conducted by the New America Foundation shows that the 270
reported drone strikes in northwestern Pakistan from 2004 to the present
day have killed between 1,661 and 2,601 individuals, of whom around
1,368 to 2,130 were described as militants in reliable press accounts.
Thus, the civilian casualty rate since 2004, according to this analysis,
is approximately 20 percent. The report states further that 35 militant
leaders were among the killed insurgents.<br />
<br />
This study proves two points. One, civilian deaths are not as high as Pakistani media, religious
leaders, politicians, and other analysts have been claiming. The
analysts question the claims of high civilian casualties because no
media outlet or organization has ever published the names of those
killed, their villages, dates, and the locations of the drone attacks.
According to analysts, in a bid to minimize their losses, the insurgents
try to conceal the identities of their associates killed in the
attacks. They collect their comrades’ bodies and, after burying them,
issue statements that all of the victims were innocent residents.<br />
<br />
Secondly, Pakistani complaints about drone attacks would carry more
weight if the Pakistani government showed more concern over the Haqqani
network and Al-Qaeda safe havens in North Waziristan, where most of
these drone attacks have occurred. Despite repeated American demands to
launch a sincere military operation to eliminate these hideouts,
Pakistan has refused to do so.<br />
<br />
U.S. Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta recently said the Haqqani
network, blamed for carrying out deadly attacks on coalition and Afghan
forces in Afghanistan, will not be tolerated and that Pakistan should
eradicate it. However, General Ashfaq Perviz Kayani will continue to
resist going after the Haqqanis as they are a long-term asset of
Pakistan’s powerful intelligence agency, the ISI.<br />
<br />
Talking with Radio Pakistan, Cameron Munter, the U.S. ambassador to
Pakistan, openly said they have evidence of Haqqani ties to the
Pakistani government. The bottom line is that Islamabad does not seem to
show any flexibility toward changing its strategic stance on these
issues. In a situation like this, the only option the United States has
is drones.<br />
<br />
<b>No Leg To Stand On</b><br />
<br />
The fact that Al-Qaeda leaders (including Osama bin Laden, who was
living in the garrison city of Abbottabad just a couple of hours' drive
from Islamabad), foreign fighters, and Haqqani-led Afghan Taliban all
live in Pakistan damages Pakistani credibility when it asks that drone
attacks be stopped in respect of the country’s sovereignty. If American
drone strikes violate Pakistani sovereignty, what about all of the
foreign militants who not only launch attacks across the border into
Afghanistan but are also a huge security threat to the people of
Pakistan?<br />
<br />
Farhat Taj, a Pashtun doctoral research fellow at the University of Oslo
and author of the newly published book "Taliban And Anti-Taliban,"
believes that “the people of Waziristan are suffering a brutal kind of
occupation under the Taliban and Al-Qaeda. It is in this context that
they would welcome anyone -- Americans, Israelis, Indians, or even the
devil -- to rid them of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda. Therefore, they
welcome the drone attacks.”<br />
<br />
Drone attacks obviously come with costs, but they are the best of a bad set of options.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="zoomMe"><i>This article has first appeared on RFE/RL's website <a href="http://www.rferl.org/content/pakistan_commentary_drone_strikes/24336736.html">here</a>. </i></span></span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-346224541208399281.post-42755884891809734072011-09-11T15:46:00.000-07:002011-11-05T09:47:19.385-07:00Afghan Cabinet Minister, Zarar Ahmed Muqbel, Exposed! (PICTURES)<span class="”readmore”">Afghanistan embassy in Oslo, Norway </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="messageBody" data-ft="{"type":3}">has done something unusual on their website. Introducing Afghan cabinet ministers, the website
calls Zarar Ahmed Moqbel, Minister of Counter Narcotics, "His
Excellency", "incompetent" and "Corrupt" in the same <a href="http://www.afghanistanembassy.no/article/70974/H-E-Zarar-Ahmed-Moqbel">biographic article</a>. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="messageBody" data-ft="{"type":3}">The website adds "Engineer" to his name but at the same time notes: </span></span><span class="commentBody" data-jsid="text">"it is not proofed that he is a graduate from Kabul Polytechnic University." :) </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="messageBody" data-ft="{"type":3}">The shocking piece states that during his brief tenure as Minister of Interior, "the ministry was
infamous for selling senior police positions. Provincial police chiefs
would then make a return on their investments by extorting bribes from
civilians and protecting narcotics and kidnap gangs." </span></span><span class="commentBody" data-jsid="text">"A former Shura-ye Nazar
commander, Moqbel has turned into a Karzai loyalist. But he is still
close to Vice President Muhammad Qasem Fahim," it adds.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="messageBody" data-ft="{"type":3}"> It seems a deliberate move by an employee of Afghanistan's embassy in Norway because out of 25 cabinet ministers, Zarar Ahmad Moqbel is the only one whose biography appears on the website. The rest only have pictures under their name. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="messageBody" data-ft="{"type":3}"><b>UPDATE:</b> Revealed and mocked by some Afghan Facebook users, the Embassy of Afghanistan in Norway's website immediately omitted the text from the page. It currently only shows Mr. Zarar Ahmed Muqbel's picture. However, I was able to capture some screen shots of his biography. Click to enlarge them. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ0rB-Tb71Hio0Y0-QxDLCvxCK8toFfmqs5D3AVfL8mFpLlgQ0br470UBSIJWaVh-jmsrK05B72SUaowltKcTco3w1DFLyKVU80M-gTkrcW1rVSLqOC5JTVNcKU7evi7bv9ls0VB3zY_c/s1600/22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ0rB-Tb71Hio0Y0-QxDLCvxCK8toFfmqs5D3AVfL8mFpLlgQ0br470UBSIJWaVh-jmsrK05B72SUaowltKcTco3w1DFLyKVU80M-gTkrcW1rVSLqOC5JTVNcKU7evi7bv9ls0VB3zY_c/s640/22.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">SCREEN SHOT: Afghan embassy calls Zarar Moqbal "corrupt" and "incompetent"</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="messageBody" data-ft="{"type":3}">And
here is a full screen shot (but without embassy's banner) of Zarar Ahmad Moqbil, Minister of Counter
Narcotic, biography on website of Embassy of Afghanistan in
Oslo-Norway. </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnDX_IYOz0FkiirtDmx9_bFUaxU8MQGiW-5nVZVLGXQf2On3M5Hck7Q68lFrNXdkSJxJUqDfDor0KYbvn69U_hJ1MghymgBl_qXiZzKb6d9IbnFqe0lC5nx1_A-ToKo7Dksytc4Ji8sXc/s1600/123.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnDX_IYOz0FkiirtDmx9_bFUaxU8MQGiW-5nVZVLGXQf2On3M5Hck7Q68lFrNXdkSJxJUqDfDor0KYbvn69U_hJ1MghymgBl_qXiZzKb6d9IbnFqe0lC5nx1_A-ToKo7Dksytc4Ji8sXc/s640/123.jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="messageBody" data-ft="{"type":3}"></span></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://afghancorner.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default</div>.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16540047872926477402noreply@blogger.com3